King cake

A king cake, also known as a three kings cake, is a cake associated in many countries with Epiphany, the celebration of the Twelfth Night after Christmas.^[1] Its form and ingredients are variable, but in most cases a fève (lit. 'fava bean') such as a figurine, often said to represent the Christ Child, is hidden inside.^[2] After the cake is cut, whoever gets the fève wins a prize.^[3][2] Modern fèves can be made of other materials, and can represent various objects and people.^[4]

The origin of the cake tradition was popularly believed to be related to the Roman Saturnalia.^[5] These were festivals dedicated to the god Saturn so that the Roman people, in general could celebrate the longer days that began to come after the winter solstice.^[6] For this reason, Margaret Hasluck disputed as well the Greek tradition commemorating St. Basil's feast day with vasilopita, saying both customs had a common origin in the Saturnalia and Kronia.^[7]

In the Middle Ages, it was said that the king who was chosen had to pay the assembly a general round of drinks. To prevent cheating, the edible bean was replaced by a porcelain bean.^[8] In Christian tradition the cake commemorates the witness of the "Three Kings".^[9][10]

The tradition of the Mardi Gras king cake did not become established until the 20th-century, although the ubiquitous gold, purple and green sprinkles have been standard decoration since 1872. The cake is usually purchased at a shop. Many holiday foods have rituals and customs connected to the preparation of the food, but the customs of the kings cake mainly revolve around the fève.^[11] Sugar was always a big industry in New Orleans where local bakeries took an active role in turning the cake into a modern cultural icon. Old-fashioned versions of the cake are basically a round braided brioche without filling but these days bakeries try to outdo one another with creative fillings.^[12][13]

There are two different versions of the French king cake: the galette and the gâteau. The {lang|fr|galette des rois}} a flaky puff pastry traditionally filled with frangipane. These days the filling may be fruit, chocolate or cream-based fillings. It has become a tradition for pastry chefs to create innovative versions of the galette featuring ingredients like flavored liquors, candied fruits and ganache.^[14]

The gâteau des rois associated mainly with the region of Provence in the south of France is a brioche dough decorated with candied fruit and coarse sugar.^[15]

A paper crown is included with purchased cakes to crown the "king" or "queen" who finds the "fève" or bean, or coin hidden inside the cake. To ensure a random distribution of the pieces, the youngest person is to place themselves under the table and name the recipient of each piece as they are cut.^[16] When store-bought, the fève can be a tiny porcelain figurine of a religious character or, nowadays, a figurine referencing pop-culture or popular cartoons.^{[citation needed]}

The German and Swiss Dreikönigskuchen 'three kings cake' are shaped like wreathes or rounds, and uses an almond as the fève.^[17]

Bolo-rei (lit. 'king cake') is a traditional Portuguese cake eaten from the beginning of December until Epiphany.^[18] The recipe is derived from the Southern French gâteau des rois which found its way to Portugal during the 1800s when Confeitaria Nacional^[19] opened as the Portuguese monarchy's official bakery in 1829.^[20]

The cake is round with a large hole in the centre,^[21] resembling a crown covered with crystallized and dried fruit.^{[citation needed]} It is baked from a soft, white dough, with raisins, various nuts and crystallized fruit. Also included is the dried fava bean, and tradition dictates that whoever finds the fava has to pay for the cake next year.^[22]

The Roscón de Reyes is eaten in Spain, Latin America and the United States. Recipes vary from country to country and between cultures but tend to be similar. It generally has an oval shape due to the need to make cakes large enough for large groups. For decoration, figs, quinces, cherries, or dried and candied fruits are often, but not exclusively, used.^[23] The tradition of placing a bean, candy or figurine inside the cake that diners find in their slice is followed.^{[citation needed]}

In Spain the cake consists of a sweet brioche dough aromatised with orange blossom water and decorated with slices of candied or crystallized fruit of various colors. It can be filled with whipped cream, cream, almond paste or others. The figurine traditionally represents one of the Three Wise Men Biblical Magi. A dry broad bean is also introduced inside the roscón. It is tradition that whoever finds the bean pays for the roscón.^{[citation needed]}

In Mexico, central and South America, the figurine represents the Child Jesus. The figurine of the baby Jesus hidden in the bread represents the flight of the Holy Family, fleeing from Herod the Great's Massacre of the Innocents. Whoever finds the baby Jesus figurine is blessed and must take the figurine to the nearest church on Candlemas Day^[24] or host a party that day.^[25]

The Twelfth cake, Twelfth-night cake, or Twelfth-tide cake^[26][17] was once popular in the United Kingdom on Twelfth Night. It was frequently baked with a bean hidden in one side and a pea hidden in the other; the man/lord finding the bean became King for the night, while the woman/lady finding the pea became the Queen^[27] – also known as the Lord or Lady of Misrule.^[28] Earlier, in the time of Shakespeare, there was only a Lord of Misrule, chosen by the hidden bean, reflected in Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night.^[29]

Samuel Pepys recorded a party in London on Epiphany night 1659/1660, and described the role the cake played in the choosing of a "King" and "Queen" for the occasion: "...to my cousin Stradwick, where, after a good supper, there being there my father, mother, brothers, and sister, my cousin Scott and his wife, Mr. Drawwater and his wife, and her brother, Mr. Stradwick, we had a brave cake brought us, and in the choosing, Pall was Queen and Mr. Stradwick was King. After that my wife and I bid adieu and came home, it being still a great frost."^[30]

Although still occasionally found in the United Kingdom, as the Industrial Revolution curtailed the celebration of the 12 days of Christmas during the Victorian era,^[31] the cake declined in popularity to be replaced by the Christmas cake. 18th century actor Robert Baddeley's will bequeathed £3 per annum to serve wine, punch and a Twelfth Night cake to the performers of the Drury Lane Theatre in the green room each Twelfth Night; the ceremony of the "Baddeley Cake" has remained a regular event, missed only 13 times in over 200 years, during wartimes or theatre closures.^[32]

In Louisiana and parts of the Gulf Coast region historically settled by the French, king cake is associated with Mardi Gras and is traditionally served from Epiphany until Carnival^[33] and recently year-round.^[34] It may have been introduced by Basque settlers in 1718,^[35] or by the French in 1870.^[36]

It comes in a number of styles. The most simple, said to be the most traditional, is a ring of twisted cinnamon roll-style dough. It may be topped with icing or sugar, which may be colored to show the traditional Mardi Gras colors of purple for justice, green for faith, and gold for power.^[33] Cakes may also be filled with cream cheese, praline, cinnamon, or an assortment of fruit fillings.^[37]

Traditionally, a small porcelain baby,^[38] symbolizing Jesus, is hidden in the king cake and is a way for residents of Louisiana to celebrate their Christian faith.^[39] The baby symbolizes luck and prosperity to whoever finds it. That person is also responsible for purchasing next week's cake^[40] or hosting the next Mardi Gras party.^[37][41] Often, bakers place the baby outside of the cake, leaving the purchaser to hide it themselves. This is usually to avoid liability for any choking hazard.^[42]

In 2009, the New Orleans Pelicans basketball team introduced the King Cake Baby as a seasonal mascot.^[43] The New Orleans Baby Cakes (formerly the Zephyrs) were a AAA baseball team that played their final three seasons (2017–2019) with that name before relocating and becoming the Wichita Wind Surge.^{[citation needed]}

• 
  Portuguese Bolo Rei
• 
  Roscón
• 
  Mexican Rosca de reyes
• 
  Dreikönigskuchen in Switzerland

• Barmbrack – a bread is associated with Hallowe'en in Ireland, where an item (often a ring) is placed inside the bread, with the person who receives it considered fortunate.
• Black bun – a Scottish fruit cake covered with pastry, originally eaten on Twelfth Night but now enjoyed at Hogmanay.
• Bean-feast
• Bread in Spain
• Ensaïmada
• Panettone – an Italian sweet bread served during the Christmas period.

• 1991. Tradiciones Mexicanas. Pg 22, 31. Mexico, D.F., Ed. Diana S.A. de C.V., ISBN 968-13-2203-7
• 1998. Fiestas de México. Pg. 76, Mexico, D.F., Panorama Editorial S.A. de C.V, ISBN 968-38-0048-3
• Christmas Trivia edited by Jennie Miller Helderman, Mary Caulkins. Gramercy, 2002
• Marix-Evans, Martin. The Twelve Days of Christmas. Peter Pauper Press, 2002
• Bowler, Gerry. The World Encyclopedia of Christmas. McClelland & Stewart, 2004
• Collins, Ace. Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas. Zondervan, 2003

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosca de Reyes.

• "Bean-King's Festival" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
• Martindale, Cyril (1908). "Christmas" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. see LITURGY AND CUSTOM & Popular merry-making.
• Recipes: Portugal’s Bolo Rei
• EuroMaxx A La Carte Bolo Rei from Portugal recipe
• A State Mandated Christmas Bonus, a blog post by the Law Library of Congress, makes reference to the Rosca de reyes.