Hans-Dieter Frank
Hans-Dieter Frank | |
---|---|
![]() Frank as a Hauptmann | |
Born | 8 July 1919 Kiel |
Died | 28 September 1943(1943-09-28) (aged 24) Hannover |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Service/ | ‹See Tfd›![]() |
Years of service | 1937–43 |
Rank | Major (Posthumously) |
Unit | ZG 1 NJG 1 |
Commands | 2./NJG 1, I./NJG 1 |
Battles/wars | World War II
|
Awards | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves |
Hans-Dieter Frank (8 July 1919 – 28 September 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a night fighter ace credited with 55 aerial victories claimed in approximately 150 combat missions making him the seventeenth most successful night fighter pilot in the history of aerial warfare.[1][2] All of his victories were claimed over the Western Front in Defense of the Reich missions against the Royal Air Force's (RAF) Bomber Command.
Born in Kiel, Frank grew up in the Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany. Following graduation from school, he joined the military service in 1937 and was trained as a pilot. Frank then served with Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing), flying a Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighter during the Invasion of Poland and Battle of France. In mid-1941, he transferred to Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) where he became a night fighter pilot and claimed his first aerial victory on the night of 10/11 April 1941. Frank was appointed squadron leader of 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of NJG 1 in August 1942. Following his 33rd aerial victory, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 20 June 1943. On 1 July 1943, he was appointed group commander of I. Gruppe of NJG 1. Frank and his crew were killed in action in a mid-air collision with another German night fighter on the night of 27/28 September 1943. He was posthumously bestowed with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and promoted to Major (major).
Early life and career
Frank was born on 8 July 1919 in Kiel, which was then part of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein during the Weimar Republic. He was the son of a sales agent. After graduation from school and receipt of his Abitur (university entry qualification), Frank joined the Luftwaffe in 1937 as a Fahnenjunker (cadet). Following flight training,[Note 1] he was posted to Zerstörergeschwader 1 (ZG 1—1st Destroyer Wing).[4]
World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. Now a Leutnant (second lieutenant) with I. Gruppe (1st group) of ZG 1, Frank flew his first combat missions over Poland and during the Battle of France.[4] On 22 June 1940, Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 (NJG 1—1st Night Fighter Wing) was created from I. Gruppe of ZG 1 and placed under the command of Hauptmann Wolfgang Falck. In consequence, Frank became a member of the night-fighter force.[5]
Night fighter career
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png/220px-Kammhuber_Line_Map_-_Agent_Tegal.png)
Following the 1939 aerial Battle of the Heligoland Bight, Royal Air Force (RAF) attacks shifted to the cover of darkness, initiating the Defence of the Reich campaign.[6] By mid-1940, Generalmajor (Brigadier General) Josef Kammhuber had established a night air defense system dubbed the Kammhuber Line. It consisted of a series of control sectors equipped with radars and searchlights and an associated night fighter. Each sector named a Himmelbett (canopy bed) would direct the night fighter into visual range with target bombers. In 1941, the Luftwaffe started equipping night fighters with airborne radar such as the Lichtenstein radar. This airborne radar did not come into general use until early 1942.[7] On 25 August 1941, Frank became an ace after downing his 5th victim, Armstrong Whitworth Whitley, Z6505, MH-F, No. 51 Squadron RAF. Sergeant J. C. W. King and his crew were captured.[8] He was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 2. Staffel of NJG 1 on 8 August 1942.[9] On 27 November 1942, Frank was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold).[10]
Frank was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 20 June 1943, the nomination had been submitted for 33 aerial victories claimed. The presentation was made by Generalmajor Kammhuber.[4] On the night of 21/22 June, RAF Bomber Command sent 705 aircraft on a mission to bomb Krefeld, losing 44 aircraft in the attack.[11] That night, Frank claimed six victories in the early hours, making him an "ace-in-a-day". One of the bombers he shot down was Handley Page Halifax HR848, which was one of 19 No. 35 Squadron RAF aircraft detailed to attack Krefeld on the night of the 21/22 June. Flight Sergeant R. J. Quigley and two of his crew were captured and the remaining four perished.[12] Another was HR735 operated by No. 158 Squadron RAF. Pilot Officer C. H. Robinson DFC RNZAF and his six crew were killed.[13] A third, BB375, flown by German-Canadian Sergeant C. C. Reichert RCAF, No. 408 Squadron RAF, crashed with all but one crewman killed.[14] Further victories included an Avro Lancaster bomber from No. 100 Squadron RAF near Dinther, and two Halifax bombers from 408 (Goose) Squadron near Zeist and Lopik.[11]
On 24/25 June Sergeant Robert Whitfield's Halifax JD258, VR-K borrowed from No. 419 Bomber Squadron RCAF, but operated by a No. 428 Squadron RAF crew, became Frank's 41st aerial victory. All of the crew died.[15] The aircraft was on a mission to bomb Elberfeld, a municipal of Wuppertal.[16] Frank's last victory in June 1943 occurred on day twenty-nine when he shot down his 44th victim; Lancaster bomber ED362, HW-E, flown by Pilot Officer J. P. Pascoe RCAF, No. 100 Squadron RAF. Pascoe and all but one of his crew were killed (Sergeant R. G Storr was taken prisoner).[17] That night, RAF Bomber Command was targeting Cologne.[18]
Group commander
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-004-32%2C_Heinkel_He_219_als_Nachtj%C3%A4ger.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-004-32%2C_Heinkel_He_219_als_Nachtj%C3%A4ger.jpg)
On 1 July 1943, Frank was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of NJG 1, succeeding Major Werner Streib.[19] Operating from Venlo Airfield, Frank claimed his first aerial victory as Gruppenkommandeur on the night of 9/10 July when he attacked Lancaster bomber W4763 from No. 61 Squadron RAF which crashed near Overdinkel in the Netherlands.[20] Four nights later, he shot down a Halifax bomber from No. 401 Squadron RCAF and another Halifax bomber from No. XXXV (Madras Presidency) Squadron.[21][22] Frank claimed his first aerial victories flying the Heinkel He 219 night fighter of the night of 25/26 July when claimed two aerial victories, a Lancaster bomber from No. 50 Squadron RAF and a Wellington bomber from 429 (Bomber) Squadron RCAF.[23][24] When on the night 30/31 August 660 bombers targeted both Mönchengladbach and Rheydt, Frank was credited with the destruction of three bombers. His aerial victories included a Short Stirling bomber over Mönchengladbach, the Vickers Wellington bomber JA118 from the Royal Canadian Air Force No. 432 Squadron RCAF, and a Lancaster bomber which crashed near Brüggen.[25]
Frank and his radio operator Oberfeldwebel Erich Gotter were killed following a mid-air collision with another German night fighter northwest of Celle in the night of 28/29 September 1943.[26] Their He 219 A-0 (Werknummer 190055—factory number) "G9+CB" had collided with a Bf 110 G-4 of the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of NJG 1 during the landing approach. Frank had escaped the aircraft using the ejection seat but forgot to release his radio-cable. He landed safely but was strangled by the radio-cable.[27] The three man crew of the Bf 110 G-4, pilot Hauptmann Günther Friedrich, radio operator Oberleutnant Werner Gerber and flight engineer Obergefreiter Kurt Weißke, were also killed in the accident.[28] This collision was likely caused by an attack made on his fighter by RAF night fighter ace Bob Braham.[29] On 2 March 1944, Frank was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub), the 417th officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored. Posthumously, he was also promoted to Major (major).[4] He was succeeded by Hauptmann Manfred Meurer as commander of I. Gruppe of NJG 1.[19]
Summary of career
Aerial victory claims
Frank was credited with 55 nocturnal aerial victories claimed in 328 combat missions.[9] Foreman, Parry and Mathews, authors of Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 54 nocturnal victory claims[30] Mathews and Foreman also published Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, listing Frank with 51 claims.[31]
Chronicle of aerial victories | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Frank an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates aerial victories listed in Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939 – 1945 but not in Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims. | |||||
Claim | Date | Time | Type | Location | Serial No./Squadron No. |
– I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[10] | |||||
1 | 10 April 1941 | 23:32 | Hampden | 2 km (1.2 mi) southwest of Neeroeteren[32] | Hampden X3066/No. 144 Squadron RAF[33] |
2 | 12 June 1941 | 02:13 | Whitley | vicinity of Eindhoven[34] | |
3 | 17 August 1941 | 02:15 | Wellington | 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Roermond[35] | |
4 | 17 August 1941 | 02:40 | Whitley | 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Venlo[35] | Whitley Z6794/No. 10 Squadron RAF[36] |
5 | 25 August 1941 | 01:15 | Whitley | 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Weert[37] | Whitley Z6505/No. 51 Squadron RAF[38] |
– 2. Staffel of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[31] | |||||
6 | 27 December 1941 | 21:25 | Whitley[39] | ||
7 | 13 April 1942 | 01:53 | Wellington | north of Maarheeze[40] | Wellington Z1213/No. 300 Polish Bomber Squadron[41] |
8! | 31 May 1942 | 01:30 | Wellington | west of Maarheeze[42] | |
9 | 26 July 1942 | 02:14 | Halifax | north of Venlo[43] | Halifax W1211/No. 158 Squadron RAF[44] |
10 | 6 August 1942 | 00:17 | Halifax | northwest of Posterholt[45] | Halifax W1180/No. 78 Squadron RAF[46] |
11 | 27 August 1942 | 23:25 | Wellington | 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Helmond[47] | Wellington Z1613/No. 156 Squadron RAF[48] |
12 | 1 October 1942 | 21:34 | Stirling | 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Venlo[49] | |
13 | 1 October 1942 | 22:30 | Wellington | Volkel Air Base[49] | |
14 | 15 October 1942 | 22:05 | Wellington | 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Arnhem[49] | Wellington BK270/No. 419 Bomber Squadron RCAF[50] |
15 | 15 October 1942 | 22:31 | Stirling | 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of 's-Hertogenbosch[51] | Lancaster W4195/No. 106 Squadron RAF[52] |
16 | 15 October 1942 | 22:56 | Stirling | 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Breda[51] | Stirling R9146/No. 214 Squadron RAF[53] |
17 | 17 January 1943 | 22:24 | Lancaster | 10 km (6.2 mi) west of IJmuiden[54] | |
18 | 2 February 1943 | 22:01 | Stirling | 12 km (7.5 mi) east-southeast of Rotterdamn[55] | Stirling R9264/No. 7 Squadron RAF[56] |
19 | 3 April 1943 | 22:45 | Halifax | 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Rhenen, Arnhem[57] | Halifax JB866/408 (Goose) Squadron[58] |
20 | 3 April 1943 | 23:02 | Lancaster | 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Kleve[57] | |
21 | 3 April 1943 | 23:25 | Stirling | 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Den Haag[57] | Halifax W7937/No. 78 Squadron RAF[59] |
22 | 9 April 1943 | 23:46 | Lancaster[60] | Lancaster ED502/No. 9 Squadron RAF[61] | |
23 | 27 April 1943 | 03:15 | Wellington | 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Brakel[29] | Wellington HE168/No. 196 Squadron RAF[62] |
24 | 27 April 1943 | 03:37 | Wellington | 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Dougen[29] | Wellington HE693/No. 420 Squadron RCAF[63] |
25 | 5 May 1943 | 01:47 | Stirling | west of Zandvoort[64] | Stirling BK782/No. 15 Squadron RAF[65] |
26 | 5 May 1943 | 02:16 | Wellington | 20 km (12 mi) south of Amsterdam[64] | Wellington HE727/No. 428 Squadron RCAF[66] |
27 | 5 May 1943 | 02:38 | Wellington | Werkendam[67] | Wellington HE244/No. 166 Squadron RAF[68] |
28 | 13 May 1943 | 02:21 | Wellington | 15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Ereda[67] | Wellington HE423/429 (Bomber) Squadron RCAF[69] |
29 | 13 May 1943 | 03:39 | Stirling | Rotterdam[70] | Stirling EF357/No. 149 Squadron RAF[71] |
30 | 14 May 1943 | 02:02 | Wellington | Hilversum[70] | |
31 | 14 May 1943 | 02:53 | Wellington | 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Hilversum[70] | Wellington HE697/No. 426 (Thunderbirds) Squadron RCAF[72] |
32 | 15 June 1943 | 00:59 | Lancaster | 14 km (8.7 mi) southeast of 's-Hertogenbosch[73] | Lancaster ED980/No. 619 Squadron RAF[74] |
33 | 15 June 1943 | 01:13 | Lancaster | 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Hien[73] | Lancaster ED434/No. 49 Squadron RAF[75] |
34 | 15 June 1943 | 02:20 | Lancaster | vicinity of Amsterdam[73] | Lancaster DV160/No. 460 Squadron RAAF[76] |
35♠ | 22 June 1943 | 01:23 | Lancaster | 36 km (22 mi) northeast of Hien[73] | Lancaster ED556/No. 100 Squadron RAF[77] |
36♠ | 22 June 1943 | 01:37 | Halifax | 0.5 km (0.31 mi) east of Kaalhoven[78] | Halifax HR735/No. 158 Squadron RAF[79] |
37♠ | 22 June 1943 | 01:48 | Halifax | 1 km (0.62 mi) west of Vechel[78] | |
38♠ | 22 June 1943 | 02:09 | Halifax | 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Boxtel[78] | Halifax JD205/No. 77 Squadron RAF[80] |
39♠ | 22 June 1943 | 02:24 | Halifax | 2 km (1.2 mi) southwest of Zeist[78] | Halifax DT772/408 (Goose) Squadron[81] |
40♠ | 22 June 1943 | 02:30 | Halifax | 0.5 km (0.31 mi) north of Yaarsfeld[78] | Halifax BB375/408 (Goose) Squadron[82] |
41 | 25 June 1943 | 01:05 | Halifax | Acht[83] | Halifax JD258/No. 419 Bomber Squadron RCAF[84] |
42 | 26 June 1943 | 02:17 | Wellington | 14 km (8.7 mi) west-northwest of Gouda[85] | Wellington HE412/No. 196 Squadron RAF[86] |
43 | 26 June 1943 | 02:37 | Wellington | 11 km (6.8 mi) east-northeast of Gouda[85] | Wellington HF589/No. 166 Squadron RAF[87] |
44 | 29 June 1943 | 02:47 | Lancaster | 12 km (7.5 mi) southeast of Rotterdam[88] | Lancaster ED362/No. 100 Squadron RAF[89] |
– I. Gruppe of Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 –[90] | |||||
45 | 10 July 1943 | 01:22 | Lancaster | 8 km (5.0 mi) east-northeast of Enschede[91] | Lancaster W4763/No. 61 Squadron RAF[20] |
46 | 14 July 1943 | 01:26 | Halifax | 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Helmond[91] | Halifax HR905/No. 401 Squadron RCAF[21] |
47 | 14 July 1943 | 01:39 | Halifax | north of Leuith[91] | Halifax HR819/No. XXXV (Madras Presidency) Squadron[22] |
48 | 26 July 1943 | 00:56 | Lancaster | 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Nijmegen[92] | Lancaster ED753/No. 50 Squadron RAF[23] |
49 | 26 July 1943 | 01:30 | Wellington | 0.5 km (0.31 mi) south of Culemborg[92] | Wellington HE803/429 (Bomber) Squadron RCAF[24] |
50 | 23 August 1943 | 23:40 | Lancaster | 7 km (4.3 mi) southeast of Emmen[93] | Lancaster ED550/No. 207 Squadron RAF[94] |
51 | 31 August 1943 | 03:18 | Stirling | Mönchengladbach[95] | Stirling EF438/No. 149 Squadron RAF[96] |
52 | 31 August 1943 | 03:30 | Wellington | Siggerath[95] | Wellington JA118/No. 432 Squadron RCAF[25] |
53 | 31 August 1943 | 03:35 | Lancaster | Brüggen[95] | Lancaster JA936/No. 9 Squadron RAF[97] |
54 | 6 September 1943 | 00:15 | Lancaster | northeast of Pirmasens[98] | Lancaster JB133/No. 619 Squadron RAF[99][Note 2] |
Awards
- Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 19 October 1942 as Oberleutnant and pilot[100]
- German Cross in Gold on 27 November 1942 as Oberleutnant in the 2./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1[101]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
- Knight's Cross on 20 June 1943 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 2./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1[102][103]
- 417th Oak Leaves on 2 March 1944 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the I./Nachtjagdgeschwader 1[102][104]
Notes
- ^ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations. For pilots destined to fly multi-engine aircraft, the training was completed with the Luftwaffe Advanced Pilot's Certificate (Erweiterter Luftwaffen-Flugzeugführerschein), also known as the C-Certificate.[3]
- ^ According to the Aviation Safety Network, potentially claimed by Hauptmann Heinrich Wohlers.[99]
References
Citations
- ^ Scutts 1998, p. 88.
- ^ Bowman 2016, p. 243.
- ^ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d Stockert 2007, p. 34.
- ^ Aders 1978, p. 16.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 9.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 27.
- ^ Rollings 2004, p. 111.
- ^ a b Obermaier 1989, p. 61.
- ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 329.
- ^ a b Bowman 2016, p. 156.
- ^ Chorley 1996, p. 193.
- ^ Chorley 1996, p. 195.
- ^ Chorley 1996, p. 196.
- ^ Chorley 1996, p. 207.
- ^ Bowman 2016, p. 157.
- ^ Chorley 1996, p. 215.
- ^ Bowman 2016, p. 160.
- ^ a b Aders 1978, p. 226.
- ^ a b Lancaster W4763.
- ^ a b Halifax HR905.
- ^ a b Halifax HR819.
- ^ a b Lancaster ED753.
- ^ a b Wellington HE803.
- ^ a b Bowman 2016, p. 208.
- ^ Thomas 1997, p. 174.
- ^ Bowman 2016, p. 212.
- ^ He 219 190053.
- ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 77.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, pp. 18–150.
- ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 329–330.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 18.
- ^ Hampden X3066.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 21.
- ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 29.
- ^ Whitley Z6794.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 30.
- ^ Whitley Z6505.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 33.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 38.
- ^ Wellington Z1213.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 42.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 50.
- ^ Halifax W1211.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 54.
- ^ Halifax W1180.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 56.
- ^ Wellington Z1613.
- ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 60.
- ^ Wellington BK270.
- ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 61.
- ^ Lancaster W4195.
- ^ Stirling R9146.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 65.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 66.
- ^ Stirling R9264.
- ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 72.
- ^ Halifax JB866.
- ^ Halifax W7937.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 73.
- ^ Lancaster ED502.
- ^ Wellington HE168.
- ^ Wellington HE693.
- ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 78.
- ^ Stirling BK782.
- ^ Wellington HE727.
- ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 79.
- ^ Wellington HE244.
- ^ Wellington HE423.
- ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 80.
- ^ Stirling EF357.
- ^ Wellington HE697.
- ^ a b c d Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 86.
- ^ Lancaster ED980.
- ^ Lancaster ED434.
- ^ Lancaster DV160.
- ^ Lancaster ED556.
- ^ a b c d e Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 88.
- ^ Halifax HR735.
- ^ Halifax JD205.
- ^ Halifax DT772.
- ^ Halifax BB375.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 89.
- ^ Halifax JD258.
- ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 90.
- ^ Wellington HE412.
- ^ Wellington HF589.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 91.
- ^ Lancaster ED362.
- ^ Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 330.
- ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 93.
- ^ a b Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 97.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 105.
- ^ Lancaster ED550.
- ^ a b c Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 108.
- ^ Stirling EF438.
- ^ Lancaster JA936.
- ^ Foreman, Parry & Mathews 2004, p. 111.
- ^ a b Lancaster JB133.
- ^ Patzwall 2008, p. 79.
- ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 119.
- ^ a b Scherzer 2007, p. 315.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 184.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79.
Bibliography
- Aders, Gebhard (1978). History of the German Night Fighter Force, 1917–1945. London: Janes. ISBN 978-0-354-01247-8.
- Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
- Bowman, Martin (2016). Nachtjagd, Defenders of the Reich 1940–1943. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-4984-6.
- Chorley, W. R (1996). Royal Air Force Bomber Command Losses of the Second World War: Aircraft and crew losses: 1943. Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 978-0-90459-790-5.
- Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Foreman, John; Parry, Simon; Mathews, Johannes (2004). Luftwaffe Night Fighter Claims 1939–1945. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-0-9538061-4-0.
- Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2014). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 1 A–F. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-18-9.
- Obermaier, Ernst (1989). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Luftwaffe Jagdflieger 1939 – 1945 [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Luftwaffe Fighter Force 1939 – 1945] (in German). Mainz, Germany: Verlag Dieter Hoffmann. ISBN 978-3-87341-065-7.
- Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
- Patzwall, Klaus D. (2008). Der Ehrenpokal für besondere Leistung im Luftkrieg [The Honor Goblet for Outstanding Achievement in the Air War] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-08-3.
- Rollings, Charles (2004). Wire and Worse: RAF Prisoners of War in Laufen, Bibarach, Lubeck and Warburg 1940-42: Vol 2. Ian Allan. ISBN 978-0-711030-50-3.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
- Scutts, Jerry (1998). German Night Fighter Aces of World War 2. Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 20. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-696-5.
- Stockert, Peter (2007). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 5 [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 5] (in German). Bad Friedrichshall, Germany: Friedrichshaller Rundblick. OCLC 76072662.
- Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.
- Accident description for Halifax BB375 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax DT772 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax HR819 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax HR735 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax HR905 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax JB866 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax JD205 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax JD258 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax W1180 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax W1211 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Halifax W7937 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Hampden X3066 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for He 219 190053 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster DV160 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster ED362 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster ED434 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster ED502 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 5 March 2021.
- Accident description for Lancaster ED550 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster ED556 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster ED753 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster ED980 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster JA936 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster JB133 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster W4195 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Lancaster W4763 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Stirling BK782 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Stirling EF357 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Stirling EF438 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Stirling R9146 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 5 March 2021.
- Accident description for Stirling R9264 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 5 March 2021.
- Accident description for Wellington BK270 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HE168 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HE244 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HE412 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HE423 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HE693 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HE697 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HE727 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HE803 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington HF589 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Wellington Z1213 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 5 March 2021.
- Accident description for Wellington Z1613 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
- Accident description for Whitley Z6505 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 5 March 2021.
- Accident description for Whitley Z6794 at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on 26 September 2022.
Military offices | ||
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Preceded by Major Werner Streib | Commander of I. Nachtjagdgeschwader 1 1 July 1943 – 22 September 1943 | Succeeded by Hauptmann Manfred Meurer |