1303 Hongdong earthquake
The 1303 Hongdong earthquake occurred in Yuan dynasty of the Mongol Empire, on September 25. The shock was estimated to have a moment magnitude of 7.6 and it had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme). This was one of the most deadly earthquakes in China, in turn making it one of the top disasters in China by death toll.
Geology
In 2018, the epicentre was revised to be at 36°48′N 111°42′E / 36.8°N 111.7°E / 36.8; 111.7 in what is now Xiamenzhen, to the southwest of the seat of Lingshi County, Shanxi.[2] The epicentre had previously been determined to be 60 km south, in what is now Hongdong County.[2] The earthquake likely occurred on the Taigu fault zone in Shanxi, part of the Shanxi Rift System, and several scarps and uplifts of local faults were seen as evidence of this. The Taigu fault zone has not experienced any measurable activity since the 1303 earthquake.[3] The magnitude was calculated by modern seismologists to be 8.0 on the moment magnitude scale, though it is impossible to say for sure due to lack of accurate geological data.[3][4]
Damage and casualties
This was one of the deadliest earthquakes in China, in turn making it one of the top disasters in China by death toll.
In the nearby towns of Zhaocheng and Hongdong, every major temple and school building collapsed and over half the towns' populations perished. Every building in Huo county, Shanxi was destroyed.[5] In Taiyuan and Pingyang, nearly 100,000 houses collapsed and over 200,000 people died from collapsing buildings and loess caves in a similar manner to the situation that would be experienced 253 years later in the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake. Cracks in the ground turned into miniature rivers, and many canals in Shanxi Province were destroyed, along with city walls. Some reports stated that the earthquake even levelled mountains and hills, altering the topographic make-up of the region.[5] Landslides and soil subsidence and liquefaction triggered by the shaking were a likely root cause of these large-scale environmental changes.[4] Rebuilding was generally slow, owing to the destroyed infrastructure of Shanxi and was interrupted by several other earthquakes in the following years.[5]
The 1303 Hongdong earthquake, though currently the last to have occurred on its fault system, marked the start of a centuries-long episode of heightened earthquake activity throughout China,[4] the first of several to occur up to the end of the twentieth century. It was also the first of many examples of earthquakes that demonstrated the tendency of earthquakes in China to strike near loess plateaus.
See also
- List of disasters in China by death toll
- List of earthquakes in China
- List of historical earthquakes
References
- ^ Xu, Yueren; He, Honglin; Deng, Qidong; Allen, Mark B.; Sun, Haoyue; Bi, Lisi (2018), "The CE 1303 Hongdong Earthquake and the Huoshan Piedmont Fault, Shanxi Graben: Implications for Magnitude Limits of Normal Fault Earthquakes" (PDF), Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123 (4): 3098–3121, Bibcode:2018JGRB..123.3098X, doi:10.1002/2017JB014928, S2CID 135046043
- ^ a b c d e 徐岳仁; 何宏林; 李文巧; 张伟恒; 田勤俭 (2018). "1303 年洪洞地震宏观震中修订的新证据" [New evidences for amendment of macro-epicenter location of 1303AD Hongtong earthquake]. 地震地质. 40 (5): 948, 956, 960.
- ^ a b Xie, Xin-sheng; Jiang, Wa-li; Wang, Huan-zhen; Feng, Xi-ying (2004). "Holocene activities of the Taigu fault zone, Shanxi Province, and their relations with the 1303 Hongdong M=8 earthquake". Acta Seismologica Sinica. 17 (3): 308–321. Bibcode:2004AcSSn..17..308X. doi:10.1007/s11589-004-0053-x. S2CID 131656457.
- ^ a b c Stein, Seth; Mazzotti, Stéphane (2007-01-01). Continental Intraplate Earthquakes: Science, Hazard, and Policy Issues. Geological Society of America. ISBN 9780813724256.
- ^ a b c "Ruins of the Hongdong Earthquake(1303)". www.kepu.net.cn. Retrieved 2015-11-28.
External links
- Ruins of the Hongdong Earthquake (1303) – Science Museums of China
- v
- t
- e
- 1038 Dingxiang
- 1290 Chihli (Inner Mongolia)
- 1303 Hongdong, Shanxi
- 1536 Xichang, Sichuan
- 1556 Shaanxi
- 1604 Quanzhou, Fujian
- 1605 Guangdong
- 1626 Lingqiu, Shanxi
- 1654 Tianshui, Gansu
- 1668 Tangcheng, Shandong
- 1679 Beijing, Hebei
- 1695 Linfen, Shanxi
- 1709 Zhongwei
- 1718 Tongwei, Gansu
- 1733 Dongchuan, Yunnan
- 1738 Dangjiang, Qinghai
- 1739 Yinchuan–Pingluo, Ningxia
- 1786 Kangding-Luding, Sichuan
- 1815 Pinglu, Shanxi
- 1830 Cixian, Hebei
- 1833 Kunming, Yunnan
- 1850 Xichang, Sichuan
- 1879 Wudu, Gansu
- 1889 Chilik, Xinjiang
- 1902 Kashgar, Xinjiang
- 1906 Manas, Xinjiang
- 1913 Eshan, Yunnan
- 1918 Shantou, Guangdong
- 1920 Haiyuan, Ningxia
- 1923 Renda, Sichuan
- 1925 Dali, Yunnan
- 1927 Gulang, Gansu
- 1931 Fuyun, Xinjiang
- 1932 Changma
- 1933 Diexi, Sichuan
- 1936 Lingshan, Guangxi
- 1937 Heze, Shandong
- 1947 Assam
- 1948 Litang, Sichuan
- 1950 Assam–Tibet
- 1952 Damxung
- 1955 Kangding, Sichuan
- 1955 Yuzha, Sichuan
- 1966 Xingtai, Hebei
- 1969 Bohai Sea
- 1969 Yangjiang, Guangdong
- 1970 Tonghai, Yunnan
- 1973 Luhuo, Sichuan
- 1974 Zhaotong, Yunnan
- 1975 Haicheng, Liaoning
- 1976 Longling, Yunnan
- 1976 Tangshan, Hebei
- 1976 Songpan–Pingwu, Sichuan
- 1981 Dawu, Sichuan
- 1983 Heze, Shandong
- 1985 Luquan, Yunnan
- 1985 Wuqia, Xinjiang
- 1988 Lancang–Gengma, Yunnan
- 1990 Gonghe, Qinghai
- 1994 Taiwan Strait
- 1995 Menglian, Yunnan
- 1995 Wuding, Yunnan
- 1996 Lijiang, Yunnan
- 1996 Baotou, Inner Mongolia
- 1997 Jiashi, Xinjiang
- 1997 Manyi, Tibet
- 1998 Zhangbei
- 1998 Ninglang, Yunnan
- 2000 Yunnan
- 2001 Kunlun
- 2003 Bachu, Xinjiang
- 2003 Dayao
- 2003 Zhaosu, Xinjiang
- 2005 Ruichang, Jiangxi
- 2006 Yanjin, Yunnan
- 2008 Sichuan
- 2008 Yingjiang, Yunnan
- 2008 Panzhihua, Sichuan
- 2008 Damxung, Tibet
- 2009 Xinjiang
- 2009 Yunnan
- 2010 Yushu, Qinghai
- 2011 Yunnan
- 2011 Myanmar
- 2012 Yangzhou, Jiangsu
- 2012 Zhaotong, Yunnan
- 2013 Lushan, Sichuan
- 2013 Dingxi, Gansu
- 2014 Yutian, Xinjiang
- 2014 Yingjiang, Yunnan
- 2014 Ludian, Yunnan
- 2014 Jinggu, Yunnan
- 2014 Kangding, Sichuan
- 2015 Pishan, Xinjiang
- 2017 Taxkorgan, Xinjiang
- 2017 Jiuzhaigou, Sichuan
- 2017 Jinghe, Xinjiang
- 2019 Changning, Sichuan
- 2020 Kashgar, Xinjiang
- 2020 Qiaojia, Yunnan
- 2021 Dali, Yunnan
- 2021 Maduo, Qinghai
- 2021 Luxian, Sichuan
- 2022 Menyuan, Qinghai
- 2022 Ya'an, Sichuan
- 2022 Luding, Sichuan
- 2023 Jishishan
- 2024 Uqturpan