Panini
Panini | |
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Ime po rođenju | Dakṣiputra Pāṇini, sansk. पाणिनि |
Datum rođenja | fl. 4. vek pne;[1][2][3]; fl. 400–350 BCE[4]; 6.–5. vek pne[5][6] |
Mesto rođenja | Severozapani Indijski potkontinent[note 1] Indija |
Prebivalište | Indija |
Državljanstvo | indijsko |
Delovanje | gramatika, lingvistika[8][9][10] |
Radovi | Aṣṭādhyāyī (klasični sanskrit) |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg/260px-Birch_bark_MS_from_Kashmir_of_the_Rupavatra_Wellcome_L0032691.jpg)
Pāṇini (sansk. पाणिनि) ([paːɳɪnɪ], različito datiran između fl. 4. veka pne;[1][2][3][4] i „6. do 5. veka pne”[5][6][web 1]) bio je drevni sanskritski filolog, gramatičar, i poštovani učenjak u drevnoj Indiji.[7][11][12] On je smatran „ocem lingvistike”,[13] nakon otkrića i objavljivanja Paninijevih radova od strane evropskih naučnika u devetnaestom veku.[14][15] Njegov uticaj na aspekte razvoja savremenih lingvista široko je prepoznat u struci; njegova gramatika bila je uticajna na utemeljivačke naučnike kao što su Ferdinand de Sosir i Leonard Blumfild.[16] Panini je verovatno živeo u Šalatuli u drevnoj Gandari na severozapadnom delu Indijskog potkontinenta, za vreme Mahadžanapada.[17][4]
Panini je poznat po svom tekstu Astadkiaji, traktatu o sanskrtskoj gramatici u stilu sutre,[12][7][web 1] 3.959 „stihova” ili pravila o lingvistici, sintaksi i semantici u „osam poglavlja”, što je fundamentalni tekst Vjakaranskog ogranka Vedange, pomoćne naučne discipline vedskog perioda.[18][19][20] Njegov aforistički tekst privukao je brojne bašije (komentare), od kojih je Patandžalijeva Mahabašija najpoznatiji u hinduističkim tradicijama.[21][10] Njegove ideje su uticale i privukle komentare naučnika drugih indijskih religija, poput budizma.[22]
Paninijeva analiza imenskih složenica i dalje predstavlja osnovu savremenih ligvističkih teorija o složenosti u indijskim jezicima. Paninijeva sveobuhvatna i naučna teorija gramatike konvencionalno se uzima kao početak klasičnog sanskrta.[23] Njegov sistematski traktat je inspirisao i učinio sanskrit najistaknutijim indijskim jezikom učenosti i književnosti tokom dva milenijuma.[10]
Paninijeva teorija morfološke analize bila je naprednija od bilo koje ekvivalentne zapadne teorije pre 20. veka.[24] Njegova studija je generativna i deskriptivna, koristi metajezike i meta-pravila, i bila je upoređivana sa Tjuringovom mašinom u kojoj je logička struktura bilo kojeg računarskog uređaja svedena na suštinske vrednosti pomoću idealizovanog matematičkog modela.[web 1][25]
Ime Panini je patronim, sa značenjem potomak Panina.[26] Njegovo puno ime bilo je „Daksiputra Panini”, sudeći po stihovima 1.75.13 i 3.251.12 Patandžalijeve Mahabašje, pri čemu je prvi deo sugerisao da je ime njegove majke bilo Daksi.[6]
Napomene
- ^ According to George Cardonna, the tradition believes that Pāṇini came from Salatura in northwest part of the Indian subcontinent.[4] This is likely to be ancient Gandhara.[7]
- ^ а б в The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2013). Ashtadhyayi, Work by Panini. Encyclopædia Britannica. Приступљено 23. 10. 2017.
Reference
- ^ а б Vergiani 2017, стр. 243, n.4.
- ^ а б Bronkhorst 2016, стр. 171.
- ^ а б Houben 2009, стр. 6. sfn грешка: no target: CITEREFHouben2009 (help)
- ^ а б в г Cardona 1997, стр. 268.
- ^ а б Staal 1996, стр. 39.
- ^ а б в Scharfe 1977, стр. 88. sfn грешка: више циљева (2×): CITEREFScharfe1977 (help)
- ^ а б в Staal 1965.
- ^ Weisler, Steven; Milekic, Slavoljub P. (2000). Theory of Language. MIT Press. стр. 44. ISBN 978-0-262-73125-6. , Quote: "The linguistic investigations of Panini, the notable Hindu grammarian, can be ..."
- ^ Halle, Morris (1971). The Sound Pattern of Russian: A Linguistic and Acoustical Investigation. Walter de Gruyter. стр. 88. ISBN 978-3-11-086945-3. , Quote: "The problem was, however, faced by the Hindu grammarian Panini, who apparently was conscious of the grammatical implications of his phonetic classificatory scheme."
- ^ а б в Bowman, John (2005). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. стр. 728 (Panini, Hindu grammarian, 328). ISBN 978-0-231-50004-3.
- ^ Lidova 1994, стр. 108-112.
- ^ а б Lochtefeld 2002a, стр. 64–65, 140, 402. sfn грешка: no target: CITEREFLochtefeld2002a (help)
- ^ Bod 2013, стр. 14-19.
- ^ Patañjali; Ballantyne, James Robert; Kaiyaṭa; Nāgeśabhaṭṭa (1855). Mahābhāṣya ... (на језику: Undetermined). Mirzapore. CS1 одржавање: Непрепознат језик (веза)
- ^ PĀṆINI; BOEHTLINGK, Otto von (1886). Panini's Grammatik, herausgegeben, übersetzt, erläutert ... von O. Böhtlingk. Sansk. and Germ. (на језику: енглески). 357. Leipzig.
- ^ Henry), Robins, R. H. (Robert (1997). A short history of linguistics (4th изд.). London: Longman. ISBN 9780582249943. OCLC 35178602.
- ^ Avari, Burjor (2007). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200 (на језику: енглески). Routledge. стр. 156. ISBN 978-1-134-25161-2.
- ^ W. J. Johnson (2009), A Dictionary of Hinduism, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198610250., article on Vyakarana
- ^ Harold G. Coward 1990, стр. 105. sfn грешка: no target: CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990 (help)
- ^ Mitchell, Lisa (2009). Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India. Indiana University Press. стр. 108. ISBN 978-0-253-35301-6.
- ^ Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. стр. 497. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.
- ^ Scharfe, Hartmut (1977). Grammatical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. стр. 152—154. ISBN 978-3-447-01706-0.
- ^ Kawaguchi, Yuji; Makoto Minegishi; Viereck, Wolfgang (2011). Corpus-based Analysis and Diachronic Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. стр. 223—224. ISBN 978-90-272-7215-7.
- ^ Staal, Frits (1988). Universals: studies in Indian logic and linguistics. University of Chicago Press. стр. 47. ISBN 9780226769998.
- ^ Kak, Subhash C. (januar 1987). „The Paninian approach to natural language processing”. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning. 1 (1): 117—130. doi:10.1016/0888-613X(87)90007-7.
- ^ Pāṇini; Sumitra Mangesh Katre (1989). Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini. Motilal Banarsidass. стр. xx. ISBN 978-81-208-0521-7.
Literatura
- Bhate, S. and Kak, S. (1993) Panini and Computer Science. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, vol. 72, pp. 79–94.
- Bod, Rens (2013), A New History of the Humanities: The Search for Principles and Patterns from Antiquity to the Present, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-966521-1
- Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016), How the Brahmins Won: From Alexander to the Guptas, BRILL, ISBN 9789004315518
- Bronkhorst, Johannes (2019), A Śabda Reader: Language in Classical Indian Thought, Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231548311
- Cardona, George (1997) [1976], Pāṇini: A Survey of Research, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1494-3
- Coward, Harold G. (1990). The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-81-208-0426-5.
- Carter, George F.; et al. (1979). „On Mundkur on Diffusion”. Current Anthropology. 20 (2): 425—428. doi:10.1086/202297.
- Ingerman, Peter Zilahy (mart 1967). „"Pāṇini-Backus Form" Suggested”. Communications of the ACM. 10 (3): 137. doi:10.1145/363162.363165. Ingerman suggests that the then-called Backus normal form be renamed to the Pāṇini–Backus form, to give due credit to Pāṇini as the earliest independent inventor.
- Kadvany, John (8. 2. 2008). „Positional Value and Linguistic Recursion”. Journal of Indian Philosophy. 35 (5–6): 487—520. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.565.2083
. doi:10.1007/s10781-007-9025-5.
- Kiss, Tibor (2015). Syntax - Theory and Analysis. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-037740-8.
- Lidova, Natalia (1994), Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1234-5
- Locjtfeld, James G. (2002a), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M
, The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8
- Misra, Kamal K. (2000), Textbook of Anthropological Linguistics, Concept Publishing Company
- Prince, Alan; Smolensky, Paul (15. 4. 2008). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-75939-4.
- T. R. N. Rao. Pāṇini-backus form of languages. 1998.
- Scharfe, Hartmut (1977), Grammatical Literature, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-01706-0
- Staal, Frits (april 1965), „Euclid and Pāṇini”, Philosophy East and West, 15 (2): 99—116, JSTOR 1397332, doi:10.2307/1397332
- Staal, Frits (1996), Ritual and Mantras: Rules Without Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814127
- Tiwary, Kapil Muni 1968 Pāṇini's description of nominal compounds, University of Pennsylvania doctoral dissertation, unpublished.
- Vergiani, Vincenzo (2017), „Bhartrhari on Language, Perception, and Consciousness”, Ур.: Ganeri, Jonardon, The Oxford Handbook of Indian Philosophy, Oxford University Press
- Witzel, Michael (2009), „Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods”, Indo-Iranian Journal, 52 (2–3): 287—310, doi:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859
- Pāṇini. Ashtādhyāyī. Book 4. Translated by Chandra Vasu. Benares, 1896. (језик: санскрт)(језик: енглески)
- Pāṇini. Ashtādhyāyī. Book 6–8. Translated by Chandra Vasu. Benares, 1897. (језик: санскрт)(језик: енглески)
- Pāṇini
- O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. „Panini”. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. University of St Andrews. 2000.
Spoljašnje veze
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)
- Ashtadhyayi - A comprehensive reference All the rules of Ashtadhyayi along with important commentaries.
- PaSSim – Paninian Sanskrit Simulator simulates the Pāṇinian Process of word formation
- The system of Panini
- Ganakastadhyayi, a software on Sanskrit grammar, based on Pāṇini's Sutras
- Forizs, L. Pāṇini, Nāgārjuna and Whitehead – The Relevance of Whitehead for Contemporary Buddhist Philosophy
- The Astadhyayi of Panini, with the Mahabhashya and Kashika commentaries, along with the Nyasa and Padamanjara commentaries on the Kashika. (PDF) Sanskrit.
- Pāṇinian Linguistics Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. октобар 2020)