Nepenthes alata
Nepenthes alata | |
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Kantong atas Nepenthes alata di Gunung Ambucao, dekat Banaue dan Sagada, Luzon utara. | |
Status konservasi | |
![]() Risiko Rendah (IUCN 2.3) | |
Klasifikasi ilmiah | |
Kerajaan: | Plantae |
Klad: | Tracheophyta |
Klad: | Angiospermae |
Klad: | Eudikotil |
Klad: | Inti eudikotil |
Ordo: | Caryophyllales |
Famili: | Nepenthaceae |
Genus: | Nepenthes |
Spesies: | N. alata |
Nama binomial | |
Nepenthes alata Blanco (1837)[1] | |
Sinonim | |
Sinonim
Heterokresonim
|
Nepenthes alata (/n[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈpɛnθiːz əˈlɑːtə/; Latin: alatus "bersayap") adalah tumbuhan kantong semar yang endemik di Filipina.[6][16]
Nepenthes alata telah lama diperlakukan sebagai spesies yang sangat polimorfik mencakup semua pulau-pulau besar kepulauan Filipina (dengan kemungkinan pengecualian Palawan).[17] Di bawah batasan yang luas ini, N. alata dipahami memiliki berbagai ketinggian dari 0-1.900 m (0-6.234 kaki) di atas permukaan laut[16] dan tercatat dari, antara lain, pulau Bohol, Camiguin, Cebu, Culion, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar,[18][19] dan Sibuyan. Nepenthes alata dalam arti luas ini (sensu lato) merupakan salah satu Nepenthes termudah dan paling populer untuk dibudidaya.[20]
Pada tahun 2013, N. alata kembali dibatasi oleh Martin Cheek dan Matthew Jebb yang mencakup hanya populasi dari utara dan tengah Luzon dengan kantong berbulu mencolok (takson dikenal di kalangan hortikultura sebagai "N. alata berbulu").[6] N. alata sensu stricto Cheek dan Jebb memiliki penyebaran ketinggian di atas 550 m (1.800 kaki).[6] Berdasarkan penafsiran ini, tumbuhan di selatan yang sebelumnya disebut spesies ini ternyata benar-benar mewakili N. graciliflora baru dikeluarkan (hortikultura "N. alata khas"; ditemukan di Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, dan Sibuyan) serta N. negros baru dideskripsikan (Biliran dan Negros) dan N. ramos (Mindanao).[6][21] Nepenthes viridis dari Dinagat dan Samar merupakan kerabat dekat lain,[22] seperti N. ceciliae (Mindanao), N. copelandii (Mindanao), N. extincta (Mindanao), N. hamiguitanensis (Mindanao), N. kitanglad (Mindanao), N. kurata (Mindanao), N. leyte (Leyte), N. mindanaoensis (Dinagat dan Mindanao), N. saranganiensis (Mindanao), dan N. ultra (Luzon).[6][16][21][23][24][25] Bersama dengan spesies ini, membentuk apa yang disebut "kelompok N. alata", yang disatukan oleh sejumlah karakter morfologi, seperti tangkai bersayap, tutup dengan rabung pangkal pada permukaan bawah (sering dijabarkan sebagai alat pelengkap), dan kantong atas yang biasanya meluas di dekat dasar.[23]
Deskripsi
Rumus floral untuk bunga jantan adalah ✶ K4 A4+4+1* G0 (mungkin tidak terdapat benang sari apikal /*/) dan ✶ K4 A0 G(4) untuk bunga betina.[26]
Taksonomi
Nepenthes alata berkaitan erat dengan beberapa spesies lain, termasuk N. copelandii, N. mindanaoensis, dan N. saranganiensis. Nepenthes eustachya dari Sumatra pernah dianggap termasuk ke dalam variabilitas N. alata, tetapi didasarkan pada jenis spesimen salah tafsir, dua spesies ini tampaknya tidak terkait erat satu sama lain.
Ciri morfologi | N. alata | N. eustachya |
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Helaian daun | melanset hingga membundar telur | melanset |
Ujung daun | meruncing atau menirus | membulat hingga sub-memerisai |
Tangkai | bersayap luas | hampir tidak atau tidak bersayap |
Taji | sederhana, berbintik akut | sederhana atau menggarpu rangkap |
Indumentum | berambut kemerahan atau keputihan | tidak ada di seluruh bagian |
Struktur dasar kantong | tekstur mirip pada seluruh kantong, tiba-tiba menirus menuju sulur | menyudut, mengayu, bertahap menirus menuju sulur |
Taksa bawah jenis
- N. alata f. variegata Hort. ex P.Mann (1996) nom.nud.
- N. alata var. biflora Macfarl. (1908)[27] [=N. negros][6]
- N. alata var. ecristata Macfarl. (1908)[27] [=N. kurata][23]
Hibrida alami
- N. alata × N. burkei[16]
- N. alata × N. merrilliana [=N. × merrilliata][19][28]
- ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya]
- N. alata × N. mindanaoensis[16]
- N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][15][29]
- ? N. alata × N. petiolata[15][29]
- N. alata × N. pulchra[17]
- N. alata × N. truncata [=N. × truncalata][28]
- N. alata × N. ventricosa [=N. × ventrata][30]
Referensi
- ^ (Spanyol) Blanco, F.M. 1837. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. pp. 805–809.
- ^ (Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
- ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x
- ^ (Prancis) Brongniart, A. 1824. Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 1: 29–52.
- ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x
- ^ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
- ^ Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
- ^ (Indonesia) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatra: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
- ^ Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
- ^ Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
- ^ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
- ^ a b c Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
- ^ a b c d e McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ a b McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Suarez, W. 2011. Samar's Nepenthes alata[pranala nonaktif permanen]. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, January 12, 2011.
- ^ a b Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar Diarsipkan 2012-07-22 di Wayback Machine.. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
- ^ Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.
- ^ a b Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Willdenowia 43(1): 107–111. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112
- ^ (Jerman) Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013. Nepenthes viridis, eine neue Nepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. Das Taublatt 76: 4–21.
- ^ a b c Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69
- ^ Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Blumea, published online on October 24, 2013. doi:10.3767/000651913X675124
- ^ Mey, F.S. 2013. The Nepenthes alata group: resurrection of N. graciliflora ; N. ramos and N. negros described as new species. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, August 27, 2013.
- ^ Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 165. ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8.
- ^ a b Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
- ^ a b Mann, P. 1998. A trip to the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 6–11.
- ^ a b Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(1): 155–158. Abstract Diarsipkan 2011-07-22 di Wayback Machine.
- ^ Fleming, R. 1979. Hybrid Nepenthes. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 8(1): 10–12.
Bacaan lanjutan
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- Alejandro, G.J.D., R.S. Madulid & D.A. Madulid 2008. The utility of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data for phylogenetic reconstruction in endemic Philippine Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae). The Philippine Scientist 45: 99–110. doi:10.3860/psci.v45i0.994
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- An, C.-I., E.-I. Fukusaki & A. Kobayashi 2001. Plasma-membrane H+-ATPases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco. Planta 212(4): 547–555. doi:10.1007/s004250000455
- An, C.-I., E.-I. Fukusaki & A. Kobayashi 2002. Aspartic proteinases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco. Planta 214(5): 661–667. doi:10.1007/s004250100665
- An, C.-I., S. Takekawa, A. Okazawa, E.-I. Fukusaki & A. Kobayashi 2002. Degradation of a peptide in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco. Planta 215(3): 472–477. doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0768-7
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- Bauer, U. & W. Federle 2009. The insect-trapping rim of Nepenthes pitchers: surface structure and function. Plant Signaling & Behavior 4(11): 1019–1023. doi:10.4161/psb.4.11.9664
- Benz, M.J., E.V. Gorb & S.N. Gorb 2012. Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6(1): 147–158. doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2
- Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42(4): 122–128.
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- Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. Annals of Botany 111(3): 375–383. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs287
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- Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 1999. Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines. Kew Bulletin 54(4): 887–895. doi:10.2307/4111166
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- Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
- Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
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- Fontanilla, J.R. & R. Madulid 2002. Morphometric analysis of Nepenthes alata Blco. in Mt. Guisguis, Sta. Cruz, Zambales. Acta Manilana 50: 25–31.
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- Gorb, E.V., K. Haas, A. Henrich, S. Enders, N. Barbakadze & S. Gorb 2005. Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax layer of the slippery zone in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata and its effect on insect attachment. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 4651–4662. doi:10.1242/jeb.01939
- Gorb, E.V. & S.N. Gorb 2006. Physicochemical properties of functional surfaces in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco (Nepenthaceae). Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany) 8(6): 841–848. PMID 17203436
- Gorb, E.V. & S.N. Gorb 2009. Chapter 8: Functional Surfaces in the Pitcher of the Carnivorous Plant Nepenthes alata: A Cryo-Sem Approach. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 205–238.
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- Ishisaki, K., Y. Honda, H. Taniguchi, N. Hatano & T. Hamada 2012. Heterogonous expression and characterization of a plant class IV chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata. Glycobiology 22(3): 345–351. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwr142
- Ishisaki, K., S. Arai, T. Hamada & Y. Honda 2012. Biochemical characterization of a recombinant plant class III chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata. Carbohydrate Research 361: 170–174. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.001
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- Kajii, E., T. Kamesaki & S. Ikemoto 1991. The effect of the Nepenthes alata extract on the cold agglutinin-associated antigens. Nihon Hōigaku Zasshi 45(1): 30–32. PMID 2046171
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Pranala luar
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- Photographs of N. alata at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder
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