In mathematics, the Weierstrass–Enneper parameterization of minimal surfaces is a classical piece of differential geometry.
Alfred Enneper and Karl Weierstrass studied minimal surfaces as far back as 1863.
Weierstrass parameterization facilities fabrication of periodic minimal surfaces
Let and be functions on either the entire complex plane or the unit disk, where is meromorphic and is analytic, such that wherever has a pole of order , has a zero of order (or equivalently, such that the product is holomorphic), and let be constants. Then the surface with coordinates is minimal, where the are defined using the real part of a complex integral, as follows:
The converse is also true: every nonplanar minimal surface defined over a simply connected domain can be given a parametrization of this type.[1]
For example, Enneper's surface has f(z) = 1, g(z) = zm.
Parametric surface of complex variables
The Weierstrass-Enneper model defines a minimal surface () on a complex plane (). Let (the complex plane as the space), the Jacobian matrix of the surface can be written as a column of complex entries: where and are holomorphic functions of .
The Jacobian represents the two orthogonal tangent vectors of the surface:[2]
The surface normal is given by
The Jacobian leads to a number of important properties: , , , . The proofs can be found in Sharma's essay: The Weierstrass representation always gives a minimal surface.[3] The derivatives can be used to construct the first fundamental form matrix:
and the second fundamental form matrix
Finally, a point on the complex plane maps to a point on the minimal surface in by where for all minimal surfaces throughout this paper except for Costa's minimal surface where .
Embedded minimal surfaces and examples
The classical examples of embedded complete minimal surfaces in with finite topology include the plane, the catenoid, the helicoid, and the Costa's minimal surface. Costa's surface involves Weierstrass's elliptic function:[4] where is a constant.[5]
Helicatenoid
Choosing the functions and , a one parameter family of minimal surfaces is obtained.
Choosing the parameters of the surface as :
At the extremes, the surface is a catenoid or a helicoid . Otherwise, represents a mixing angle. The resulting surface, with domain chosen to prevent self-intersection, is a catenary rotated around the axis in a helical fashion.
A catenary that spans periodic points on a helix, subsequently rotated along the helix to produce a minimal surface.The fundamental domain (C) and the 3D surfaces. The continuous surfaces are made of copies of the fundamental patch (R3)
Lines of curvature
One can rewrite each element of second fundamental matrix as a function of and , for example
And consequently the second fundamental form matrix can be simplified as
Lines of curvature make a quadrangulation of the domain
One of its eigenvectors is which represents the principal direction in the complex domain.[6] Therefore, the two principal directions in the space turn out to be
See also
Associate family
Bryant surface, found by an analogous parameterization in hyperbolic space
References
^Dierkes, U.; Hildebrandt, S.; Küster, A.; Wohlrab, O. (1992). Minimal surfaces. Vol. I. Springer. p. 108. ISBN 3-540-53169-6.
^Andersson, S.; Hyde, S. T.; Larsson, K.; Lidin, S. (1988). "Minimal Surfaces and Structures: From Inorganic and Metal Crystals to Cell Membranes and Biopolymers". Chem. Rev. 88 (1): 221–242. doi:10.1021/cr00083a011.
^Sharma, R. (2012). "The Weierstrass Representation always gives a minimal surface". arXiv:1208.5689 [math.DG].
^Lawden, D. F. (2011). Elliptic Functions and Applications. Applied Mathematical Sciences. Vol. 80. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-3090-3.
^Abbena, E.; Salamon, S.; Gray, A. (2006). "Minimal Surfaces via Complex Variables". Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 719–766. ISBN 1-58488-448-7.
^Hua, H.; Jia, T. (2018). "Wire cut of double-sided minimal surfaces". The Visual Computer. 34 (6–8): 985–995. doi:10.1007/s00371-018-1548-0. S2CID 13681681.