Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia and Ohio
Tropical Storm Fay was an unusual tropical storm that moved erratically across the state of Florida and the Caribbean Sea. The sixth named storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season, Fay formed from a vigorous tropical wave on August 15 over the Dominican Republic. It passed over the island of Hispaniola, into the Gulf of Gonâve, across the island of Cuba, and made landfall on the Florida Keys late in the afternoon of August 18 before veering into the Gulf of Mexico. It again made landfall near Naples, Florida, in the early hours of August 19 and progressed northeast through the Florida peninsula, emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near Melbourne on August 20. Extensive flooding took place in parts of Florida as a result of its slow movement. On August 21, it made landfall again near New Smyrna Beach, Florida, moving due west across the Panhandle, crossing Gainesville and Panama City, Florida. As it zigzagged from water to land, it became the first storm in recorded history to make landfall in Florida four times.[1] Thirty-six deaths were blamed on Fay.[2] The storm also resulted in one of the most prolific tropical cyclone related tornado outbreaks on record. A total of 81 tornadoes touched down across five states, three of which were rated as EF2. Fay would cause around $560 million in damages throughout its lifespan.[3]
A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 7 without any significant convection, with an associated low pressure area moving southwestward away from the coast. It passed just south of the Cape Verde Islands, and tracked generally westward with a subtropical ridge centered to its north over the Azores.[4] Late on August 9, an area of convection developed in association with the wave.[5] With generally favorable conditions for development, the system began slowly organizing,[6] to the extent that on August 10, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) remarked for its potential to become a tropical depression in a few days.[7] By August 11, however, the thunderstorm activity became disorganized and limited,[8] though the next day convection reformed by the time it was located about 650 mi (1,050 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[9] The hurricane hunters first flew into the system on August 12, though the flight only reported a broad area of low pressure.[10]
After the hurricane hunters' flight, the system became disorganized as environmental conditions became less favorable,[11] and by late on August 13 the convection was limited and well-removed from the low center.[12] The next day, thunderstorm activity increased and organized,[13] though another hurricane hunters flight confirmed the system did not develop into a tropical cyclone.[14] After passing over the northern Lesser Antilles, the system moved over the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, maintaining an area of deep convection.[15] It became better defined as it moved through the Mona Passage, and a hurricane hunters flight confirmed the presence of a closed circulation. A reconnaissance flight measured wind gusts of 56 miles per hour (90 km/h) and was designated as Tropical Storm Fay late on August 15 as the cyclone moved ashore along eastern Dominican Republic.[16] Initially, it was forecast to steadily intensify before and after crossing Cuba, later reaching minimal hurricane status in the eastern Gulf of Mexico; the HWRFhurricane model predicted for Fay to become a strong hurricane off the coast of western Florida.[17]
Tropical Storm Fay causing heavy rainfall to Hispaniola
Upon first becoming a tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Fay was moving steadily westward over Hispaniola, influenced by a ridge to its north.[16] At around 1200 UTC on August 16, the storm emerged into the Gulf of Gonâve,[18] with little organized convection near the center.[19] Environmental conditions favored strengthening, and convection quickly developed over the center.[20] By early on August 17, a hurricane hunters flight reported a better organized circulation center, and satellite images displayed well-established outflow within a large convection envelope.[21] After passing near or over southwestern Granma Province in Cuba, upper-level wind shear increased slightly, and the convection diminished near the center. The storm turned more to the northwest, due to a trough weakening the ridge to its north.[22] However, at this time, the ECMWF forecast had Fay making landfall in Southwest Florida, crossing into the Atlantic, then tracking westward across the Florida Panhandle – which is exactly what it would end up doing.[23]
Fay made four Florida landfalls, first at Key West in the late afternoon of August 18, then early the following morning at Cape Romano south of Naples as a 65 mph (105 km/h) tropical storm.[3] Later that day, while crossing central Florida, Fay unexpectedly strengthened over land to just under hurricane intensity with 70 mph (110 km/h) winds and a pressure of 986 mbar,[3] which is a stronger intensity than Fay had ever obtained over open ocean. According to some local meteorologists, Fay actually gained strength over Florida's inland waters, including the vast expanses of the Florida Everglades and Lake Okeechobee[24] The storm developed an eye feature, and continued to hold its strength for the rest of the day.[25] After many hours of land interaction, Fay began to weaken.[26] Fay regained some strength, however, after leaving land at Melbourne and heading northward over the warm Atlantic Ocean waters, only to be deflected westward as it encountered a high pressure ridge. This resulted in another landfall at Flagler Beach in the afternoon of August 21. Fay then emerged into the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and made its fourth landfall on the morning of August 23 near Carrabelle in the Florida Panhandle. Fay narrowly missed making yet another landfall, the center staying barely onshore while passing Panama City and St. Andrews Bay. Fay then weakened to a depression later that day. For the next several days, Fay was a slow moving tropical depression. Fay started moving to the northeast over southern Mississippi, where it moved over Alabama and finally dissipated on August 27 over Georgia.
Preparations
When advisories were first issued on Tropical Storm Fay late on August 15, tropical storm warnings were issued across the entire northern coast of the Hispaniola and Eastern Cuba as well as Southeastern Bahamas with tropical storm watches issued in parts of Northeastern Cuba and the Central Bahamas.[27][28] The storm tracked far enough south for the Bahamas watches and warnings to be cancelled, but additional tropical storm warnings were issued for all of the coast Haiti.[29][30][31][32] Additional tropical storm watches and warnings were issued in Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.[33][34][35][36][37][38] With Fay repeatedly being forecasted to become a hurricane, hurricane watches were issued in parts of Central Cuba as well as Southwestern Florida.[33][29][35] A hurricane warning was issued for Southwestern Florida on August 18.[39] Fay's unexpected strengthening over land prompted a hurricane watch to briefly be issued for Northeastern Florida and Southeastern Georgia on August 19.[36]
On August 15, the weather disturbance that would become Fay made landfall on Hispaniola. The system developed into a tropical storm while producing heavy rains on the island, prompting a major flash flood threat. The storm caused minor damage in Dominican Republic including falling trees and flooding, this caused most of the flights into and out of the country to be canceled.[48] At least four people were killed after being swept away by flood waters in the Dominican Republic.[49]
In Haiti, Fay's winds and rainfall damaged the agricultural sector, including rice fields and banana crops. One person died after being swept away by flood-waters while trying to cross a swollen river.[50] Two infants were killed when a bus flipped in Haiti.[51] In total, ten deaths were blamed on Fay in Haiti.[52]
In Jamaica, one person was killed as a result of a vehicle being swept away in flood waters.[49] In total, 15 people died in the Caribbean.[2]
Despite making landfall in central Cuba, exact impact from Fay in that nation is unknown.
United States
Florida
Rainfall produced by Fay in the United StatesTropical Storm Fay strengthening and then weakening as it passes over south-central Florida, featuring a hurricane-like eye over land
During seven days in Florida, August 18–24, 2008, eleven people died and thousands of homes plus roads were damaged, from 60 mph (97 km/h) winds and rain waters up to 5 feet (1.5 m) deep,[53] with flooded rivers or tornadoes, as Fay traveled through the entire state. Making initial landfall in the Florida Keys and coming ashore again in the Naples area, Fay then crossed the state and exited near New Smyrna Beach, coming onshore again near St. Augustine and Jacksonville, crossing the Panhandle and finally leaving the Pensacola area into Alabama, early on August 24. Returning from Mississippi towards Tennessee, Fay continued to dump heavy rains around Pensacola, Tallahassee, and Panama City even during August 25.
Flooding in east-central Florida
While Fay was moving across South-Central Florida, a tornado, rated EF2 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale,[54] took place after landfall in Wellington, Florida, where significant damage was reported including doors and windows blown off houses, many trees knocked down and reports of a weak building destroyed.[55] Another tornado damaged 51 homes with nine of them rendered uninhabitable in Barefoot Bay.[56] According to the St. Lucie County Public Safety Department, about 8,000 homes were damaged from flooding.[57] The city of Melbourne shattered a 50-year-old rainfall record after receiving 11 inches (28 cm) of rain in a 24‑hour period.[58] About 80 neighborhoods in Melbourne were flooded, and a "couple hundred" homes in southeast Melbourne were filled with three to four feet of water, according to a press statement.[59] One neighborhood was particularly hard hit: Lamplighter Village along John Rodes Boulevard in Melbourne, FL. The flooding was so extensive that Governor Charlie Crist personally visited the neighborhood to assess the damage. A tornado touched down in Stuart on U.S. 1 at Monroe Street, flipping a truck and damaging a gas station.[60] A 28-year-old kite surfer was critically injured in Fort Lauderdale when winds associated with a Tropical Storm Fay feeder band slammed him face-first into the ground and then dragged him across the streets until he hit a building, which was filmed by a WFOR camera crew.[61]
Areas of the state received up to 25 inches (64 cm) of rain, causing serious flooding. Native wildlife, including alligators, were seen in flooded neighborhoods after high water forced them from their habitat. Hundreds of homes were flooded in Brevard and St. Lucie counties; some locations were inundated with up to 5 feet (1.5 m) of standing water.[62] Early estimates from Brevard county show $10 to $12 million in damages to homes and infrastructure.[59] Tropical Storm Fay resulted in the drowning of one person swimming off Neptune Beach and another swimmer in Duval County. Meanwhile, another 3 were killed in traffic accidents.[63] On August 21, President George W. Bush declared the entire state of Florida a Federal Disaster Area.[64]Seminole County also got hard hit by floods. Seminole County Public Schools were closed due to many roads being impassable. Many rivers in the county such as the St. Johns River, the Econlockhatchee River, and the Little Econlockhatchee River jumped their banks. Riverside Park in Oviedo was under four feet of flood water due to the Little Econlockhatchee River. On the evening of August 22, a tornado damaged four homes and a bridge in Lake Wales.[65]
After moving into the Florida Panhandle, five more people were killed as a result of Fay in Florida (all indirect),[66] including an electrocution which happened to an electrical worker doing repairs in Gadsden County.[67]
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi
Fay over the southeastern United States on August 23
Heavy rain was also reported in parts of Alabama, Georgia and Mississippi. A young boy was killed in Grady County, Georgia when he was swept away in a drainage ditch by floodwaters.[68] Another drowning death took place in Elmore County, Alabama as a result of the weakening Fay.[69] On August 22, 2008, radio station WNUZ, located in Alabama, "suffered direct lightning strikes" during Fay which resulted in "the complete destruction of the station's transmitter" and caused unspecified damage to other electrical broadcast equipment at the station.[70] The station applied to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for authority to stay silent while their engineers repaired or replaced the damaged gear and evaluated the station's other equipment. On December 24, 2008, WNUZ was granted permission to remain off the air until no later than June 22, 2009.[70][71]
Fay persisted as a tropical storm from its first landfall until weakening to a tropical depression on August 23. It eventually weakened to a remnant low over Alabama on August 26, from which 8 tornadoes were spawned in Alabama and 6 in Georgia, injuring two in Commerce, Georgia.[72][73]
High winds damaged the water tower in Midway, Alabama, compounding problems the town was experiencing with its water wells. A loan from the National Rural Water Association and assistance from Alabama Rural Water Association allowed Midway to make repairs and maintain the water supply.[74] The heavy and persistent rains associated with Fay, however, helped to temporarily alleviate extreme drought conditions over northern Georgia, northern Alabama, and eastern Tennessee.[75]
Elsewhere
Heavy rains in Tennessee triggered flash flooding throughout eastern portions of the state.[76] In Shelby County, flooding covered several cars, trapping several people. In all, Fay caused $20,000 in damages in Tennessee.[77] Rains in South Carolina caused a bridge in York County to collapse, leaving $100,000 in damages.[78] Severe flooding in North Carolina, particularly in Mecklenburg County damaged numerous homes. Near Charlotte, 148 buildings sustained major damage from floodwaters and numerous roads were shut down due to high waters. Damage in Mecklenburg alone amounted to $8.5 million.[79] In Cabarrus County, 14 swift water rescues were undertaken due to cars being stranded in flooded roads. About 70 homes were damaged in the county, leaving $1 million in damages.[80] Damages to roads in the county were estimated at $5.5 million.[81] In all, Fay caused roughly $15 million in damage in North Carolina.[79][80][81]
Records
Fay was the first storm on record to hit the same U.S. state on four separate occasions, beating a record set by Hurricane Gordon of 1994, and was just the third storm on record to hit the U.S. at least 3 times, the third was Hurricane Juan in 1985, although Juan did not hit the same state three times; one of its landfalls was in Alabama, and the other 2 were in Louisiana.[82] Fay was the first storm to prompt storm warnings for the entire coast of Florida; the four separate landfalls were responsible for every stretch of the Florida coast to receive a Tropical Storm Watch or Warning, or a Hurricane Watch or Warning.[83]
The two highest rainfall amounts recorded were 27.65 inches (702 mm) at Windover Farms, 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Melbourne, Florida, and 27.50 inches (698 mm) at Thomasville, Georgia.
Hurricane Charley (2004) – Took a similar path across the Caribbean and the Florida peninsula
References
^"Fay's 4th Florida landfall is one for record books", By BRENDAN FARRINGTON, Associated Press Writer, August 23, 2008
^ abBrent Kallestad (August 26, 2008). "Fay's Lasting Wrath". The Press Democrat. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
^ abcStewart/Beven (February 8, 2009). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Fay" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
^Gladys Rubio (August 7, 2008). "Tropical Weather Discussion (2)". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Blake (August 9, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Knabb (August 10, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Blake (August 10, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook (2)". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Rhome (August 11, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Rhome/Brown (August 12, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Blake/Franklin (August 12, 2008). "Special Tropical Disturbance Statement". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^Brown/Pasch (August 13, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Franklin (August 13, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook (2)". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Knabb (August 14, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook (2)". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^Beven (August 14, 2008). "Special Tropical Disturbance Statement". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved August 15, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^Knabb (August 15, 2008). "Tropical Weather Outlook". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.[dead link]
^ abBeven (August 15, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion One". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
^Avila (August 16, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Two". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
^Knabb (August 16, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Public Advisory Three-A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
^Beven (August 16, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Four". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
^Beven (August 16, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Five". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
^Avila (August 17, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Six". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
^Beven (August 17, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Eight". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 17, 2008.
^Beven (August 17, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Nine". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
^Avila (August 19, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Seventeen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^Pasch (August 19, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Discussion Eighteen". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^ ab"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^ ab"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^ ab"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^ ab"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^"Tropical Storm FAY". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
^Brown, Daniel P (December 17, 2007). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Noel (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved April 25, 2016.
^Avila, Lixion A; Stewart, Stacy R; Berg, Robbie; Hagen, Andrew B (April 20, 2020). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Dorian (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
^Stewart, Stacy R (April 3, 2017). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Matthew (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
^ abcRoth, David M. (January 3, 2023). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^Beven III, John L (January 23, 2002). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Michelle (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^Rappaport, Edward N (November 26, 1995). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Erin (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^Beven III, John L; Stewart, Stacey R (February 8, 2009). Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Fay 2008 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^Pasch, Richard J; Kimberlain, Todd B; Stewart, Stacey R (November 18, 1999). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Floyd (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved June 10, 2012.
^JONATHAN M. KATZ (August 15, 2008). "Tropical Storm Fay Forms Over Dominican Republic". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 17, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
^ abAFP (2008). "Killer storm powers into hurricane mode for Florida landfall". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
^Evans Sanon (2008). "Tropical Storm Leaves 4 Dead in Haiti, DR". ABC News. Archived from the original on August 17, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2008.
^Associated Press/Yahoo! News UK (August 18, 2008). "Haiti bus overturns in Fay-flooded river". Yahoo! UK. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
^Evans Sanon (August 19, 2008). "2 drowned babies on Haiti bus raise Fay toll to 14". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved August 22, 2008. [dead link]
^"Tropical Storm Fay" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
^"Preliminary Storm Damage Survey Results for Wellington Tornado". National Weather Service. August 21, 2008. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved August 21, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^"Storm Reports for August 18, 2008". Storm Prediction Center. August 19, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^Price, Stephen; J. Ash; B. Cotterell (August 20, 2008). "Updated: Tropical Storm Fay approaches Florida's east coast". Tallahassee Democrat. Archived from the original on August 23, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
^"Fay drenches parts of Florida; 8,000 homes flooded". CNN. August 20, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
^"Fay Dumps Record-Breaking Rain; Flood Victims Warned Of Alligator Swimming In Streets". WKMG-TV. August 20, 2008. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2008.
^ abLundy, Sarah; W. Mariano (August 22, 2008). "Fay brings flooding to Volusia, Seminole; Brevard estimates damage at more than $10 million". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
^TCPALM: Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers: Tornado touches down near Monroe St., U.S. 1 in Stuart
^Higgins, Matt (August 19, 2008). "After Kite Boarder's Accident, Some Say Winds Were Too Much". The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2008.
^Brian Skoloff (2008). "Florida Suffers 'Catastrophic Flooding'". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 24, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
^BRIAN SKOLOFF (2008). "Fay kills an extra 3, Death toll in Florida becomes 5". Yahoo News UK/AP. Retrieved August 22, 2008. [dead link]
^"Woman drowns as Fay comes ashore again". CNN. August 21, 2008. Retrieved August 21, 2008.
^"Tornado Touches Down in Polk County". WFTV. August 22, 2008. Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
^"NWS Jacksonville, FL [JAX Post Storm Hurricane Report]". Srh.noaa.gov. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
^"Fay Now Blamed For 11 Florida Deaths". WKRG. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
^"Boy Drowns As Fay Soaks South Georgia". WGCL-TV. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
^"Death blamed on Fay". Press-Register. August 25, 2008. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
^ ab"Notification of Suspension of Operations / Request for Silent STA (BLSTA - 20080825ABB)". FCC Media Bureau. August 25, 2008.
^"Application Search Details (BLSTA-20080825ABB)". FCC Media Bureau. December 24, 2008.
^"Public Information Statement". NWS Birmingham, AL. August 27, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
^"Public Information Statement". NWS Atlanta, GA. August 27, 2008. Archived from the original on September 1, 2008. Retrieved August 27, 2008.
^"NRWA loan gives Alabama town way to repair disaster damage". National Rural Water Association. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on May 8, 2009. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
^Dorell, Oren (August 26, 2008). "Fay brings relief to areas in drought". USA Today. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
^Stuart Hinson (2008). "Tennessee Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
^Stuart Hinson (2008). "Tennessee Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
^Stuart Hinson (2008). "South Carolina Event Report: Heavy Rains". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved June 11, 2009.[dead link]
^ abStuart Hinson (2008). "North Carolina Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved June 11, 2009.[dead link]
^ abStuart Hinson (2008). "North Carolina Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved June 11, 2009.[dead link]
^ abStuart Hinson (2009). "North Carolina Event Report: Flash Flood". National Climatic Data Center. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
^"Tropical Storm Fay Makes Fourth Florida Landfall; Death Toll Rises to 10". Fox News. Associated Press. August 23, 2008. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
