Timeline of Groningen

The following is a timeline of the history of the Netherlands' municipality of Groningen.

Pre–19th century

  • 48 CE: Roman camp established.[1]
  • 800: Martin's Church built (approximate date).[2]
  • 1040: "Villa Cruoninga" ("Groningen") mentioned.[3]
  • 13th century: Reitdiep canal dug
  • c. 1220: Martin's Church rebuilt in brick[2]
  • 1255: City wall built[4]
  • 1284: Groningen joins the Hanseatic League[1]
  • c. 1300: Town hall built[2]
  • 1308: Jacobijnerklooster established[5]
  • 1482: Martin's Church tower built[4]
  • 1493: Der Aa Church built[6]
  • 1506: Edzard I, Count of East Frisia, in power[2]
  • 1509: Ommelanderhuis and Rechthuis built[4][2]
  • 1526: Guild unrest[7]
  • 1575: Ommelanden secedes from city[3]
  • 1579: City signs Union of Utrecht regional treaty[1]
  • 1580: Siege of Groningen; Spaniards in power[1]
  • May–July 1594: Siege of Groningen; Maurice, Prince of Orange, and William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, in power;[8] Groningen Treaty of Reduction unites city and Ommelanden[3][9]
  • 17 February 1595: City of Groningen and the Ommelanden admitted to the Republic of the United Netherlands[3]
  • 1599: orphanage founded.[10]
  • c. 1609: workhouse established[10]
  • 1614: University of Groningen founded[8]
  • 1615: University library established
  • 1635: Goudkantoor built on the Grote Markt[2]
  • 1650: William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, becomes stadtholder of Groningen[8]
  • 1659: Gerhard ten Berge becomes mayor
  • 1662: City Weigh House built[11]
    Siege of Groningen by Bishop of Münster
  • July–August 1672: Siege of Groningen by Bishop Christoph Bernhard von Galen of Münster on behalf of Louis XIV of France[1]
  • 1705: Allert Meijer becomes city architect[11]
  • 1728: Collegium Medicum founded[10][12]
  • 1747: Jodenkamp cemetery established[13]
  • 1756: Volteringstraat synagogue built[13]
  • 1790: Henri Daniel Guyot Institute for the deaf established[4]
  • 1798: Hotel De Doelen established

19th century

  • 1801: Scientific Society of Groningen formed[14]
  • 1810: City Hall rebuilt[2]
  • 1811: Groningen becomes part of the Ems-Occidental department of the French Empire[15]
  • 1813: French military ousted[15]
  • 1815: Vindicat atque Polit established
  • 1819: design of Coat of arms of Groningen adopted
  • 1824: Jean François van Iddekinge becomes mayor
  • 1830: Academy of Fine Arts established[4]
  • 1837: annual Groningsche Volksalmanak begins publication
  • 1841: Hoofdwacht on the Grote Markt in use
  • 1847: Praedinius Gymnasium active
  • 1865: Noord-Willems Canal dug[2]
  • 1865: Korenbeurs rebuilt[2]
  • 1866: population: 36,852[16]
  • 1868: Nieuwe Groninger Nieuwsblad begins publication[17][18]
  • 1870: Meppel–Groningen railway begins operations[2]
  • 1874: Groninger Museum established
  • 1874: Fortress demolished[2]
  • 1876: Eems Canal dug[2]
  • 1879: Verbindingskanaal dug
  • 1879: design of the Flag of Groningen adopted
  • 1880: Horse-drawn tram begins operating[2]
  • 1881: Scholtenhuis built
  • 1882: Groningen State Archives established[19]
  • 1883: Groningen City Theatre established
  • 1884: Groningen–Delfzijl railway begins operating; Groningen Noord railway station opens
  • 1887: Groningen Local Railway Company established[20]
  • 1888: Nieuwsblad van het Noorden begins publication[21]
  • 1888: Hooghoudt distillery established
  • 1894: Peace society formed[22]
  • 1895: Broerkerk demolished; Catholic St. Martinuskerk built
  • 1896: Groningen railway station built

20th century

  • 1903: World exhibit held[15][23]
  • 1904: Huis de Beurs café built[citation needed]
  • 1906: Gemeentetram Groningen transit entity established[20]
  • 1906: Groningen Synagogue built[13]
  • 1909: University Academics Facility built
  • 1910: electric tram begins operating[2]
  • 1918: De Ploeg art group formed[24]
  • 1919: Gorecht Canal dug
  • 1919: population: 89,030[25]
  • 1929: Grand Theatre built
  • 1931: Hakenkampsveld Airport established outside city limits
  • 1933: Oosterpark Stadion opens
  • 26 July 1940: mistakenly bombarded by Allied forces[26]
  • 26–27 September 1941: mistakenly bombarded by Allied forces[26]
  • April 1945: Battle of Groningen[2]
  • 1946: Groningen chess tournament held
  • 1950: Design of the Flag of Groningen adopted
  • 1951: Jan Tuin becomes mayor
  • 1955: Roman Catholic Diocese of Groningen established[27]
  • 1959: Groningen gas field discovered[28]
  • 1960: Camera Cinema opens[29]
  • 1962: Nieuwe Stadhuis built[24]
  • 1969: increase in municipality size
  • 1969: Lauwers Lake created near city[8]
  • 1970: Zernikecomplex development begins
  • 1971: Football Club Groningen established
  • 1971: Harm Buiter becomes mayor
  • 1973: Eemshaven seaport opens[15]
  • 1974: Groningen Noord railway station rebuilt
  • 1977: Groningen traffic circulation plan implemented[30]
  • 1979: RKZ Cinema opens[29]
  • 1986: Hanze University of Applied Sciences established
  • 1991: Muller restaurant established
  • 1991: Hans Ouwerkerk becomes mayor
  • 1992: Groninger Dagblad begins publication
  • 1992: Groninger Kredietbank scandal[24]
  • 1992: Groningen Audio Visual Archive established[31]
  • 1993: European Association for Sport Management headquartered in Groningen
  • 1996: New City Hall building demolished
  • 1996: Eurosonic Festival commences
  • 1998: Jacques Wallage becomes mayor
  • 1998: Urban renewal efforts[32]

21st century

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c d e Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 723, OL 6112221M
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Stadsgeschiedenis Groningen" [Groningen City History]. Gemeente Groningen (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d "History". Provincie Groningen. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d e Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Groningen (town)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 613–614.
  5. ^ Groningsche Volksalmanak voor 1890 (in Dutch), Groningen: Erven B. Van der Kamp, 1889 – via Google Books
  6. ^ Justin Kroesen; Regnerus Steensma, eds. (2008). De Groninger cultuurschat: kerken van 1000 tot 1800 (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4482-0.
  7. ^ Maarten Prak; et al., eds. (2006). Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5339-4.
  8. ^ a b c d Joop W. Koopmans; Arend H. Huussen Jr. (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6444-3.
  9. ^ John Lothrop Motley (1904). History of the United Netherlands. His Works,v.4-7. London: J. Murray. (1860s)
  10. ^ a b c Ole Peter Grell; Andrew Cunningham, eds. (1997). Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe 1500-1700. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-80860-1.
  11. ^ a b Gea van Essen (2010). Bouwheer en bouwmeester: bouwkunst in Groningen, Stad en Lande (1594-1795) (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4672-5.
  12. ^ Frank Huisman (1992). Stadsbelang en standsbesef: gezondheidszorg en medisch beroep in Groningen 1500-1730 (in Dutch). Erasmus Publishing. ISBN 978-90-5235-037-0.
  13. ^ a b c "Groningen". Four Hundred Years of Dutch Jewry. Amsterdam: Joods Historisch Museum. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  14. ^ Jim Parrott (ed.). "Chronology of Scholarly Societies". Scholarly Societies Project. Canada: University of Waterloo. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d "Historie: 1000 jaar Groningen". Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum (in Dutch). Groninger Archieven. Retrieved 30 October 2015. (chronological history)
  16. ^ "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1869. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590337.
  17. ^ Jan van de Plasse (2005). Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers (in Dutch). Otto Cramwinckel. ISBN 978-90-75727-77-7. (timeline)
  18. ^ Harry van der Laan (2005). Het Groninger boekbedrijf: drukkers, uitgevers en boekhandelaren in Groningen tot het eind van de negentiende eeuw [The Groninger book business: printers, publishers and booksellers in Groningen until the end of the 19th c.] (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4094-5.
  19. ^ "Rijksarchivaris in de provincie Groningen, 1824–1989", Archieven.nl (in Dutch), retrieved 30 October 2015
  20. ^ a b J.W. Sluiter (1967). Beknopt overzicht van de nederlandse sppor en tramwegbedrijven [Brief overview of Dutch railway and tramway companies] (in Dutch). Brill.
  21. ^ "Netherlands". Europa World Year Book. Europa Publications. 2004. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8.
  22. ^ Sandi E. Cooper (1991). "Peace Societies". Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536343-2.
  23. ^ Daniël Broersma (2005). Het wonderland achter de horizon: Groninger regionaal besef in nationaal verband 1903–1963 (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4187-4.
  24. ^ a b c Maarten Duijvendak; Bart de Vries, eds. (2003). Stad van het Noorden: Groningen in de twintigste eeuw [City of the North: Groningen in the Twentieth Century] (in Dutch). Assen: Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-3984-0.
  25. ^ "Netherlands". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.
  26. ^ a b Richard Overy (2013). The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-698-15138-3.
  27. ^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: The Netherlands". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  28. ^ M. S. Vassiliou (2009). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6288-3.
  29. ^ a b "Movie Theaters in Groningen, Netherlands". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  30. ^ "How Groningen invented a cycling template for cities all over the world", The Guardian, 29 July 2015
  31. ^ Film and Television Collections in Europe: the MAP-TV Guide. Routledge. 1995. ISBN 978-1-135-37262-0.
  32. ^ Gerard van Bortel (2009). "Network governance in action: the case of Groningen". Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 24 (2): 167–183. doi:10.1007/s10901-009-9138-0. JSTOR 41107459.
  33. ^ "Over ons". Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum (in Dutch). Groninger Archieven. Retrieved 30 October 2015.

Bibliography

  • Thomas Nugent (1749), "Groningen", The Grand Tour, vol. 1: Netherlands, London: S. Birt, hdl:2027/mdp.39015030762598
  • "Groningen". Gazetteer of the Netherlands. Attributed to Clement Cruttwell. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. 1794.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  • William Henry Overall, ed. (1870). "Groningen". Dictionary of Chronology. London: William Tegg. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949.
  • George Henry Townsend (1877), "Groningen", A Manual of Dates (5th ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co., hdl:2027/hvd.32044088047865
  • "Groningen (city)". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1fj2r624.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • "Groningen", Belgium and Holland (15th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, hdl:2027/uc1.b3129294
  • "Groningen (town)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 613–614.
  • "Groningen (province)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 612–613.
  • Evert Jan Diest Lorgion. Geschiedkundige beschrijving der stad Groningen [Historical description of the city of Groningen] (in Dutch). Groningen: Roelfsema. 1852-1857
  • Henri Zondervan, ed. (1917), "Groningen", Winkler Prins' Geillustreerde Encyclopaedie (in Dutch), vol. 8 (4th ed.), Amsterdam: Uitgevers-Maatschappy Elsevier, hdl:2027/mdp.39015068347981 (province and city)
  • G. van Herwijnen, ed. (1978). "Groningen". Bibliografie van de stedengeschiedenis van Nederland [Bibliography of Urban History in the Netherlands] (in Dutch). Brill. pp. 26+. ISBN 90-04-05700-5.
  • Jan Van den Broek (2007). Groningen, een stad apart: over het verleden van een eigenzinnige stad (1000-1600) (in Dutch). Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-4323-6.