Participatory budgeting
Part of the Politics series |
Direct democracy |
---|
![]() |
Referendum types
|
Referendums by country
|
Referendums by issue |
Referendums by method |
History of direct democracy |
Related
|
![]() |
|
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Particapatory_budgeting.jpg/220px-Particapatory_budgeting.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bud%C5%BCet_obywatelski_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg/220px-Bud%C5%BCet_obywatelski_w_Warszawie_2019a.jpg)
Participatory budgeting (PB) is a type of citizen sourcing in which ordinary people decide how to allocate part of a municipal or public budget through a process of democratic deliberation and decision-making. Participatory budgeting allows citizens or residents of a locality to identify, discuss, and prioritize public spending projects, and gives them the power to make real decisions about how money is spent.[1]
Participatory budgeting processes are typically designed to involve those left out of traditional methods of public engagement, such as low-income residents, non-citizens, and youth.[2] A comprehensive case study of eight municipalities in Brazil analyzing the successes and failures of participatory budgeting has suggested that it often results in more equitable public spending, greater government transparency and accountability, increased levels of public participation (especially by marginalized or poorer residents), and democratic and citizenship learning.[3] Participatory budgeting stands as one of several democratic innovations—such as British Columbia's Citizens' Assembly—encompassing the ideals of a participatory democracy.[4]
Frameworks of participatory budgeting differ throughout the globe in terms of scale, procedure, and objective. Participatory budgeting, in its conception, is often contextualized to suit a region's particular conditions and needs. Thus, the magnitudes of participatory budgeting vary depending on whether it is carried out at a municipal, regional, or provincial level. In many cases, participatory budgeting has been legally enforced and regulated; however, some are internally arranged and promoted. Since the original invention in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 1988, participatory budgeting has manifested itself in a myriad of designs, with variations in methodology, form, and technology.[5] As of 2014, participatory budgeting has been implemented in nearly 1,500 municipalities and institutions around the world.[4]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Esquina_democr%C3%A1tica.jpg/220px-Esquina_democr%C3%A1tica.jpg)
External videos | |
---|---|
![]() |
Participatory budgeting was first developed in the 1980s by the Brazilian Workers' Party (PT), drawing on the party's stated belief that electoral success is not an end in itself but a springboard for developing radical, participatory forms of democracy. While there were several early experiments (including the public budgeting practices of the Brazilian Democratic Movement in municipalities such as Pelotas[6]: 92 ), the first full participatory budgeting process was implemented in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 1989. Porto Alegre is the capital city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and a busy industrial, financial, and service center; at that time of implementation, it had a population of 1.2 million.[7] The initial success of participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre soon made it attractive to other municipalities. By 2001, more than 100 cities in Brazil had implemented participatory budgeting, while in 2015, thousands of variations have been implemented in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe.[8]
Porto Alegre
In its first Title, the 1988 Constitution of Brazil states: "All power originates from the people, who exercise it by the means of elected representatives or directly, according to the terms of this Constitution." The authoring of the Constitution was a reaction to the previous twenty years of military dictatorship, and the new Constitution sought to secure individual liberty while also decentralizing and democratizing ruling power, in the hope that authoritarian dictatorship would not reemerge.[9]
Brazil's contemporary political economy is an outgrowth of the Portuguese empire's patrimonial capitalism, where "power was not exercised according to rules, but was structured through personal relationships".[10] Unlike the Athenian ideal of democracy, in which all citizens participate directly and decide policy collectively, Brazil's government is structured as a republic with elected representatives. This creates a separation between the state and civil society, which has opened the doors for clientelism. Because the law-making process occurs behind closed doors, elected officials and bureaucrats can access state resources in ways that benefit certain 'clients', typically those of extraordinary social or economic relevance. The influential clients receive policy favors and repay elected officials with votes from the groups they influence. For example, a neighborhood leader who represents the views of shop owners may ask a local party official for laws to increase foot traffic on commercial streets. At the same time, the neighborhood leader mobilizes shop owners to vote for the political party responsible for the policy. Because this patronage operates on the basis of individual ties between patron and clients, true decision-making power is limited to a small network of party officials and influential citizens rather than the broader public.[10][11]
In 1989, Olívio Dutra won the mayor's seat in Porto Alegre. In an attempt to encourage popular participation in government and redirect government resources towards the poor, Dutra institutionalized the PT's organizational structure on a citywide level. The result is what we now know as participatory budgeting.
PB was active in Porto Alegre until 2017. Over time, city leaders’ political support for the participatory budget has declined, and Porto Alegre’s current leadership has suspended the process.[12]
Pre-requisites
According to the World Bank Group, certain factors are needed for participatory budgeting to be adopted: "[…] strong mayoral support, a civil society willing and able to contribute to ongoing policy debates, a generally supportive political environment that insulates participatory budgeting from legislators' attacks, and financial resources to fund the projects selected by citizens."[6]: 24
There are generally two approaches through which participatory budgeting formulates: top-down and bottom-up. In the top-down approach, the adoption of participatory budgeting is required by the federal government (for example, as in Peru). In the bottom-up approach, local governments initiate participatory budgeting independent from the national agenda (such as in Porto Alegre); with this approach, NGO's and local organizations play crucial roles in mobilizing and informing the community members.[6]: 24
Procedure
Broadly, all participatory budgeting programs allow citizens to deliberate with the goal of creating either a concrete financial plan (a budget), or a recommendation to elected representatives. In the Porto Alegre model, the structure of the scheme gives sub-jurisdictions (neighborhoods) authority over the larger political jurisdiction (the city) of which they are part. Neighborhood budget committees, for example, have authority to determine the citywide budget, not just the allocation of resources for their particular neighborhood. Therefore, mediating institutions are also needed to combine budget preferences expressed by sub-jurisdictions.
Participatory budgeting processes do not adhere to strict rules, but they generally share several basic steps:[6]: 26
- The municipality decides how much of its budget to allocate to PB projects. For example, in 2018, Czech municipalities have devoted 3.7M Euro to PB, which was about 0.6% of their total expenditures.[13] In 2023, Paris decided to devote about 75 million Euro to PB in 2023 (see List of participatory budgeting votes for details about other countries).
- The municipality may be divided geographically into multiple districts, so that the residents in each district can focus on projects more relevant to them. The budget available for each district is also determined at this stage.
- Representatives of the districts, either elected or volunteered, work with government officials in a PB committee. The committees meet regularly to deliberate under a specific timeline, and come up with preliminary project proposals.
- Proposals, initiated by the citizens, are dealt under different branches of public budget such as recreation, infrastructure, transportation, etc. Participants publicly deliberate with the committee to finalize the projects to be voted on. The initial proposals are developed into feasible proposals by focus groups and experts. In several rounds of deliberation, the list of proposals is shortlisted and finalized.
- The short-list of proposals is put to a public vote. See Participatory budgeting ballot types for various types of ballots that can be used in the voting process.
- A pre-determined aggregation rule is used to select the winning projects, and the municipal government implements the winning projects (see combinatorial participatory budgeting for a detailed discussion of various aggregation rules).
This cycle of steps is repeated annually.
Digital participatory budgeting (e-participatory budgeting)
Technology has often used been to support participatory budgeting, which is commonly referred to as e-participatory budgeting.[14][15][16] The use of digital technologies in the process was pioneered by the municipality of Ipatinga in Brazil, which offered the citizens the possibility to vote for projects via the Internet in 2001.[17] The online voting option was later integrated to the participatory budgeting of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul in 2003,[18] and in the municipality of Belo Horizonte in 2006.[19] Since then, the number of participatory budgeting initiatives that included online voting has multiplied around the world, and includes cities like Paris,[20] New York City,[21] Lisbon,[22] Madrid,[23] and Mexico City.[24]
Although the effects of online voting in participatory budgeting have not been widely researched, a study in 2006 examining the case of participatory budgeting of Belo Horizonte suggests that online voting played a role in increasing the number of participants in the process.[19] A 2015 study of Rio Grande do Sul showed an 8.2% increase in total turnout with the introduction of online voting, with the online channel more likely to attract participants who were younger, male, wealthier, and more educated.[25] Despite these differences in participant demographics, a 2017 study found that the introduction of online voting in Rio Grande do Sul did not lead to a systematic difference in vote choices between online and offline voters.[26]
Telephones—both mobile and fixed landlines—have also been used to stimulate uptake of participatory budgeting processes. The municipality of Ipatinga was the first to employ telephony in 2005, by creating a toll-free number for citizens to indicate their preferences for budget allotments, and by sending automated voice and text messages incentivizing citizens to attend the participatory budgeting meetings.[27] Although some initiatives have used text messages to enable mobile voting—such as in La Plata, Argentina and Cascais, Portugal[16][28]—most usage has been to encourage voting participation, either in-person or via the Internet.
A participatory budgeting algorithm is sometimes used in order to calculate the budget allocation from the votes. This algorithm takes as input a list of projects, the available budget, and the voters' preferences, and returns an allocation of the budget among the projects satisfying some pre-defined requirements.
Outcomes
Improvement in citizens' well-being
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PL_Wwa%2C_park_Szymanskiego%2C_poidlo%2C_2024.04.03%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_CORR_2.jpg/220px-PL_Wwa%2C_park_Szymanskiego%2C_poidlo%2C_2024.04.03%2C_fot_Ivonna_Nowicka_CORR_2.jpg)
Participatory budgeting has been shown to increase citizen's overall well-being.[29] Some examples include:
- Goncalves[30] showed that increase in PB in Brazil lead to a reduction in infant mortality. The research found that infant mortality rates are substantially lower in governments that use participatory budgeting compared to those that do not. This is due to the fact that infant mortality disproportionately affects poorer income groups more than middle-upper groups, with participatory budgeting leading to an increase in pro-poor investments, such as health and sewage infrastructure.
- A World Bank paper by Bhatnagar, et al. concludes that participatory budgeting can lead to improved conditions for the poor. Although it cannot overcome wider problems such as unemployment, it leads to "noticeable improvement in the accessibility and quality of various public welfare amenities".[31]: 2 The paper suggests that participatory budgeting has led to direct improvements in facilities in Porto Alegre. For example, sewer and water connections increased from 75% of households in 1988 to 98% in 1997. Additionally, the number of schools quadrupled since 1986.[31]: 2
- A cross-national study found that greater participation in the preparation and execution of the budget corresponded to greater allocation of public funds in education.[32]
- A study examining the impact of participatory budgeting in New York City finds that it leads to a decrease in overall complaint calls to the 311 number, which indicates an improvement in public service performance.[33]
- A cross-country study found that participatory budgeting positively impacts on the well-being of underserved communities in Brazil, Peru, and South Korea.[34]
These results suggest that countries who "sustain participatory budgeting programs may be part of general improvements in governance that produce[s] more durable access to healthcare."[35] Participatory budgeting has led to advancements in government because democratic governments with this kind of budgeting are able to make better use of public funding.
Government transparency
Participatory budgeting allows for effective and efficient policy changes, and positively influences aspects such as government transparency.[36][clarification needed] Foremost, participatory budgeting increases budget transparency.[37] In contrast, a lack of transparency can disconnect citizens from their government. For example, in the Dominican Republic, citizens reported that they did not feel they had a voice in their local government and claimed that they were not aware of how to participate in legislation within their districts. Due to this attitude, "citizen's perceptions of such things as why raising tax revenue is important, how public budgets are carried out, or how public works are paid for are often ill-informed."[37]: 18 [clarification needed]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Participatory_budgeting.jpg/220px-Participatory_budgeting.jpg)
Advancement in democracy
The Colombian organization Fundacion Solidaridad, which seeks to promote democratic developments through participatory budgeting practices, implemented seminars and practices to "facilitate the exchange of experiences in participatory budgeting at the municipal level through dialogues and planning meetings."[37]: 18 Fundacion Solidaridad's approaches showed that participatory budgeting led to concrete advancements in democracy. The results concluded that participatory budgeting served as a platform for democratic societies to be able to partner with public institutions and international partners to be able to "promote activities for democracy and transparency at the local level."[37]: 21 Increased government transparency allows civic societies to have more impact within their own communities, as well as understand the importance of civic engagement.[38]
After more than a decade, the high number of participants suggests that participatory budgeting encourages increasing citizen involvement, according to the paper[which?]. Also, Porto Alegre's health and education budget increased from 13% (1985) to almost 40% (1996), and the share of the participatory budget in the total budget increased from 17% (1992) to 21% (1999).[citation needed]
Research also shows that participatory budgeting has a greater impact over longer periods of time.[39] In a paper that updated the World Bank's methodology, which expanded statistical scope and analyzed Brazil's 253 largest municipalities that use participatory budgeting, researchers found that participatory budgeting reallocates spending towards health and sanitation. The longer that a municipality used participatory budgeting, the more health and sanitation benefits accumulated. Participatory budgeting does not merely allow citizens to shift funding priorities in the short-term—it can yield sustained institutional and political change in the long term.[39]
Citizens' attitudes
Several studies have found positive effects of PB on the citizens' attitudes towards the government:
- Soonhee Kim[40] studied the effect of PB in South Korea on citizen participation, transparency, and public trust in government. He showed that when citizens participate in PB, they are more inclined to (1) support democracy, (2) perceive democracy as an effective institution, and (3) understand how governmental budgeting works. Through PB, citizens are able to acquire skills that allow them to be active citizens. Participatory budgeting has shown that it "may help marginalized people and other previously excluded groups to build their self-esteem and self-fulfillment through their participation in local budget decisions". Civic participation has also shown to "foster the attitudes and skills of citizenship", and shape identities and loyalties.[40]
- Frenkiel[41] studied three PB projects in China: one in Chengdu and two in Wenling, over seven years. She found that PB contributed to opening the decision-making process to formerly excluded participants, who are local elites and “super residents”.
- Kukuckova[38] checked the affect on PB on the voter turnout in Czech Republic. The evidence regarding this issue is ambiguous. For example, implementing PB in Prague indeed increased the voter turnout at the municipal elections, but in other Czech cities, no significant effect was found.
Increase in tax revenues
Participatory budgeting has been associated with increased tax revenues. For instance:
- A study examining the case of Porto Alegre suggests that participatory budgeting contributed to an increase of 269% in own-source revenues from 1988 to 2004.[42]
- Another comparative study of 25 municipalities in Latin America and Europe found a significant reduction in tax delinquency after the adoption of participatory budgeting.[43]
- More conclusively, a World Bank study examining 253 cases of participatory budgeting in Brazil found that municipalities with the process collect 39% more local taxes than similar municipalities without it.[44]
Adoption
Based on Porto Alegre's system, more than 140 of the 5,571 municipalities in Brazil (about 2.5%) have adopted participatory budgeting.[31]
Participatory budgeting gives alternative ways for citizens be a part of the democratic process. This has encouraged a worldwide spread. Participatory budgeting is impactful in countries that struggle to provide public services and in rural communities marked by high levels of poverty.[45] Another key adaptation of participatory budgeting is that it is "far less likely to use specific rules that promote social justice and mandates the distribution of greater resources to underserved communities", which allows for greater opportunity to serve poor communities.[45]
Criticism
Lack of representation
Reviewing the experience in Brazil and Porto Alegre, a World Bank paper points out that lack of representation of extremely poor people in participatory budgeting can be a shortcoming. Participation of the very poor and of the young is highlighted as a challenge.[31]: 5 Nevertheless, studies show that although participants may not fully mirror the demographics of the population as a whole, participatory budgeting fares better than the status quo of traditional representative democracy institutions. For instance, political scientist Graham Smith notes that participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre has been substantially more effective in mobilizing women and citizens from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds.[46] In a similar vein, a report on New York City's process shows that participatory budgeting was more successful in mobilizing people of color and low-income groups than local elections.[47]
Clientelism
Participatory budgeting may also struggle to overcome existing clientelism.[clarification needed]
Misallocation of resources
Participatory budgeting can harm other government projects, which may not be pursued due to finite resources being allocated elsewhere.[48] In Chicago, participatory budgeting has been criticized for increasing funding to recreational projects while allocating less to infrastructure projects.[49] Additionally, participatory budgeting has many barriers to entry for governments; thus, officials fear electoral costs[clarification needed]. Institutions also might lack resources and political will to engage. Some institutions also lack the bureaucratic structure to be able to design and execute this kind of approach.
Low participation
In some PB elections, the participation rate is very low. For example, there are reports of 0.1% participation rate in Germany,[50] and 1%-3% in Chicago in 2012 and 2014.[51]
Examples
Latin America
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/Participatory_budgeting.webp/220px-Participatory_budgeting.webp.png)
In 2012, around 40% of participatory budgeting programs were located in Latin America, where the concept and mechanics of the system were developed in the 1980s.[52] The goal was to "democratize democracy" by engaging the general public, fighting clientelism, and mobilizing the underprivileged who had been left out and left behind by the Brazilian political system.[53] The participatory pyramid consists of three levels: local assemblies that are open to all residents, district participation forums, and a general participatory council at the city level.[54] The meetings' objectives include debating priorities and choosing representatives to oversee the implementation of recommendations.[53] Anyone who desires to participate in open meetings is permitted to do so.[53]
Porto Alegre, Brazil, is an interesting case of Latin American participatory budgeting: following some earlier attempts in smaller towns, participatory budgeting came into its own in Porto Alegre as a result of a "window of opportunity" that emerged following an electoral victory by the Workers' Party in 1988.[52]
North America and Europe
Adaptations of the participatory democracy model are found mainly in Spain and Italy. Also widespread on the Iberian Peninsula are participatory budgets that incorporate elements of the multi-stakeholder participation model.[55] The most widespread participatory budgets in Europe, however, are those that closely resemble the proximity participation model.[clarification needed][56] Most notably, this model has been embraced in the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Portugal, Latvia, and Estonia.[53] Participatory budgeting has also taken root in North America, particularly Canada and the United States.[54]
Africa
The development of participatory budgeting is relatively recent in Africa.[55] Development took on impetus when the Federation of African Cities and Regional Governments (UCLGAA) took an active role promoting training and visibility regarding participatory budgeting at its triennial International Meeting, Africities, held in Dakar in 2012.[55] The path followed in Africa is the same as the one followed by Latin American radical movements.[53] It differs from European cases, where local governments played a major role. During the 2000s, alternative globalization networks exerted a strong impact.[57]
Asia
Participatory budgets in Asia began to appear in larger numbers around 2005. Here, participatory budgeting programs were rarely built on pre-existing forms of citizen participation.[58] The fast development of participatory budgets around the world led to the creation of continental networks supporting the dissemination of participatory budgeting.[59] The experience of Porto Alegre, Brazil, has played a particularly important role as a point of reference. For example, local authorities and NGOs from South Korea and China have often visited Porto Alegre, especially since 2009;[59] and in India, the Kerala participatory strategic planning experiment encountered Porto Alegre during the Mumbai World Social Forum.[citation needed]
In 2012, there were 58–109 active experiments in participatory budgeting in Asia.[58]
See also
- Civic engagement
- Citizens' assembly
- Financial referendum
- Participatory economics
- Participatory democracy
- Participatory planning
- Tax choice
References
- ^ Chohan, Usman W. (20 April 2016). "The 'citizen budgets' of Africa make governments more transparent". The Conversation. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
- ^ "Mission & Approach". Participatory Budgeting Project. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^ "Participatory Budgeting in Brazil". PSUpress.
- ^ a b Röcke, Anja (2014). Framing Citizen Participation: Participatory Budgeting in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137326669. ISBN 978-1-137-32666-9.
- ^ Porto de Oliveira, Osmany (10 January 2017). International Policy Diffusion and Participatory Budgeting: Ambassadors of Participation, International Institutional and Transnational Networks. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-319-43337-0.
- ^ a b c d Shah, Anwar (2007). Shah, Anwar (ed.). Participatory Budgeting (PDF). Washington D.C.: The World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6923-4. hdl:10986/6640. ISBN 978-0-8213-6924-1. S2CID 239243049. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
- ^ Wainwright, H. (2003). Making a People's Budget in Porto Alegre. NACLA Report On The Americas. pp. 36(5), 37–42.
- ^ Ganuza, Ernesto; Baiocchi, Gianpaolo (30 December 2012). "How Participatory Budgeting Travels the Globe". Journal of Public Deliberation. 8 (2). Retrieved 17 November 2015.
- ^ Abers, Jessica (1998). "From Clientelism to Cooperation: Local Government, Participatory Policy, and Civic Organizing in Porto Alegre, Brazil". Politics & Society. 26 (4): 511–537. doi:10.1177/0032329298026004004. S2CID 154038651.
- ^ a b Novy, Andreas; Leubolt, Bernhard (1 October 2005). "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Social Innovation and the Dialectical Relationship of State and Civil Society". Urban Studies. 42 (11): 2023–2036. Bibcode:2005UrbSt..42.2023N. doi:10.1080/00420980500279828. ISSN 0042-0980. S2CID 143202031.
- ^ Santos, BOAVENTURA de SOUSA (1 December 1998). "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a Redistributive Democracy". Politics & Society. 26 (4): 461–510. doi:10.1177/0032329298026004003. hdl:10316/10839. ISSN 0032-3292. S2CID 220787756.
- ^ Abers, Rebecca; King, Robin; Votto, Daniely; Brandão, Igor (13 June 2018). "Porto Alegre: Participatory Budgeting and the Challenge of Sustaining Transformative Change".
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Kukučková, Soňa; Bakoš, Eduard (1 December 2019). "Does Participatory Budgeting Bolster Voter Turnout in Elections ? The Case of the Czech Republic". NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy. 12 (2): 109–129. doi:10.2478/nispa-2019-0016. S2CID 209379125.
- ^ Coleman, Stephen; Sampaio, Rafael Cardoso (4 May 2017). "Sustaining a democratic innovation: a study of three e-participatory budgets in Belo Horizonte". Information, Communication & Society. 20 (5): 754–769. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1203971. ISSN 1369-118X. S2CID 148375086.
- ^ Russon-Gilman, Hollie (20 April 2016). "Digital tools enable citizen budgeting". Brookings. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ a b "La Plata Multi-Channel Participatory Budgeting (Argentina) – Participedia". participedia.net. 3 January 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ Abreu, Júlio Cesar Andrade de; Pinho, José Antonio Gomes de (2013). "Do analógico ao digital: democracia, internet e orçamento participativo" [From Analogue to Digital: Democracy, Internet and Participative Budgeting]. NGPA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Temas de Administração Pública. ISSN 1982-4637.
- ^ C. Peixoto, Tiago; Sifry, Micah L. (2017). Civic Tech in the Global South : Assessing Technology for the Public Good (PDF). World Bank. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-9964142-27.
- ^ a b Peixoto, Tiago (2008). "e-Participatory Budgeting: e-Democracy from Theory to Success?". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1273554. ISSN 1556-5068. S2CID 153840747.
- ^ "Participatory Budgeting in Paris, France – Participedia". participedia.net. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ Saad, Rodrigo (1 June 2020). "Internet Voting and the Equity of Participatory Budgeting Outcomes: A Study of New York City's Participatory Budgeting Initiative". Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects.
- ^ "Participatory Budgeting in Lisbon, Portugal – Participedia". participedia.net. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ "Decide.Madrid.es Online Participatory Budgeting – Participedia". participedia.net. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ "Presenta IECM Sistema Electrónico por Internet que se utilizará en elección de COPACOS y Consulta de Presupuesto Participativo". www.iecm.mx. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ Spada, Paolo; Mellon, Jonathan; Peixoto, Tiago; Sjoberg, Fredrik M. (26 February 2015). Effects of the Internet on Participation: Study of a Public Policy Referendum in Brazil (Report). Rochester, NY: Governance Global Practice Group, World Bank Group. SSRN 2571083.
- ^ Mellon, Jonathan; Peixoto, Tiago; Sjoberg, Fredrik M (1 June 2017). "Does online voting change the outcome? Evidence from a multi-mode public policy referendum". Electoral Studies. 47: 13–24. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2017.02.006. ISSN 0261-3794.
- ^ "The e-AGORA Project: Participatory Budgeting in Ipatinga, Brazil – Participedia". participedia.net. January 2005. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ "Cascais Participatory Budgeting". GIFT. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ Wampler, Brian; McNulty, Stephanie; Touchton, Michael (2 November 2017). "Participatory Budgeting: Does Evidence Match Enthusiasm?". Open Government Partnership.
- ^ Gonçalves, Sónia (1 January 2014). "The Effects of Participatory Budgeting on Municipal Expenditures and Infant Mortality in Brazil". World Development. Decentralization and Governance. 53: 94–110. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.009. ISSN 0305-750X.
- ^ a b c d Bhatnagar, Prof. Deepti; Rathore, Animesh; Torres, Magüi Moreno; Kanungo, Parameeta (2003), Participatory Budgeting in Brazil (PDF), Ahmedabad; Washington, DC: Indian Institutes of Management; World Bank
- ^ Caldas Montes, Gabriel; Esteves Piñeiro, Walter (2022). "Participatory Budgeting, Corruption and Government Spending on Education: Evidence Based on Panel Data Analysis for Developed and Developing Countries". The Journal of Developing Areas. 56 (1): 117–142. doi:10.1353/jda.2022.0014. ISSN 1548-2278. S2CID 243853907.
- ^ Sihotang, Andreas D. (2023). "Does participatory budgeting improve public service performance? Evidence from New York City". Public Management Review: 1–25. doi:10.1080/14719037.2023.2212259. S2CID 258736517.
- ^ Touchton, Michael; McNulty, Stephanie; Wampler, Brian (2023). "Participatory budgeting and well-being: Governance and sustainability in comparative perspective". Journal of Public Budgeting, Accounting & Financial Management. 36 (ahead-of-print): 105–123. doi:10.1108/JPBAFM-04-2022-0067. S2CID 256584895.
- ^ Wampler, Brian (2020). "Public engagement for public health: participatory budgeting, targeted social programmes, and infant mortality in Brazil". Development in Practice. 30 (5): 681–686. doi:10.1080/09614524.2020.1742662. S2CID 219448105. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ "Participatory Budgeting Project". Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d Reames, Ben; Lynott, Melissa (22 February 2005). "Involving Citizens in Public Budgets: Mechanisms for Transparent and Participatory Budgeting" (PDF). International Budget Partnership. Washington, D.C.: Partners of the Americas. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ a b Kukučková, Soňa (2019). "Does Participatory Budgeting Bolster Voter Turnout in Elections ? The Case of the Czech Republic". Nispacee Journal of Public Administration and Policy. 12 (2): 109–129. doi:10.2478/nispa-2019-0016. S2CID 209379125.
- ^ a b Wampler, Brian; Touchton, Mike. "Brazil let its citizens make decisions about city budgets. Here's what happened". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
- ^ a b Kim, Soonhee. "Citizen Participation, Transparency, and Public Trust in Government: Participatory Budgeting in Local Governments of Korea" (PDF). Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Frenkiel, Emilie (2020). "Participatory budgeting and political representation in China". Journal of Chinese Governance. 6: 1–23. doi:10.1080/23812346.2020.1731944. S2CID 216391982. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ Schneider, Aaron; Baquero, Marcelo (2006). "Get what you want, give what you can : embedded public finance in Porto Alegre". Working Paper. 266. Institute of Development Studies.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ Cabannes, Yves (April 2004). "Participatory budgeting: a significant contribution to participatory democracy". Environment and Urbanization. 16 (1): 27–46. Bibcode:2004EnUrb..16...27C. doi:10.1177/095624780401600104. ISSN 0956-2478.
- ^ Touchton, Michael; Wampler, Brian; Peixoto, Tiago. 2019. Of Governance and Revenue : Participatory Institutions and Tax Compliance in Brazil. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 8797. World Bank, Washington, DC
- ^ a b Wampler, Brain (2017). "Participatory budgeting: adoption and transformation". Making All Voices Count.
- ^ Smith, Graham (2009). Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation. Theories of Institutional Design. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51477-4.
- ^ "[BackChannel] Unequal Participation: Open Government's Unresolved Dilemma?". TechPresident. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
- ^ Gilman, Hollie. "Engaging Citizens: Participatory Budgeting and the Inclusive Governance Movement within the United States" (PDF). Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ^ "The Pitfalls of Participatory Budgeting". Chicago Tonight | WTTW. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ Zepic, Robert; Dapp, Marcus; Krcmar, Helmut (2017). "Participatory Budgeting without Participants: Identifying Barriers on Accessibility and Usage of German Participatory Budgeting". 2017 Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government (CeDEM). pp. 26–35. doi:10.1109/CeDEM.2017.24. ISBN 978-1-5090-6718-3. S2CID 7094503. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ^ Stewart, LaShonda M.; Miller, Steven A.; Hildreth, R. W.; Wright-Phillips, Maja V. (3 April 2014). "Participatory Budgeting in the United States: A Preliminary Analysis of Chicago's 49 th Ward Experiment". New Political Science. 36 (2): 193–218. doi:10.1080/07393148.2014.894695. ISSN 0739-3148. S2CID 144133546.
- ^ a b Matheus, Ricardo; Ribeiro, Manuella M.; Vaz, José Carlos; de Souza, Cesar A. (25 October 2010). "Case studies of digital participatory budgeting in Latin America". Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. ICEGOV '10. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 31–36. doi:10.1145/1930321.1930328. ISBN 978-1-4503-0058-2. S2CID 7712765.
- ^ a b c d e Cabannes, Yves (April 2004). "Participatory budgeting: a significant contribution to participatory democracy". Environment and Urbanization. 16 (1): 27–46. Bibcode:2004EnUrb..16...27C. doi:10.1177/095624780401600104. ISSN 0956-2478. S2CID 14802154.
- ^ a b Angotti, Tom (17 August 2017). Urban Latin America: Inequalities and Neoliberal Reforms. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-7449-5.
- ^ a b c Sintomer, Yves; Herzberg, Carsten; Röcke, Anja (March 2008). "Participatory Budgeting in Europe: Potentials and Challenges: Participatory budgeting in Europe". International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 32 (1): 164–178. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00777.x.
- ^ Sintomer, Yves; Röcke, Anja; Herzberg, Carsten (2016). Participatory Budgeting in Europe: Democracy and public governance. doi:10.4324/9781315599472. ISBN 9781317083924.
- ^ Manes-Rossi, Francesca; Brusca, Isabel; Orelli, Rebecca Levy; Lorson, Peter C.; Haustein, Ellen (11 August 2021). "Features and drivers of citizen participation: Insights from participatory budgeting in three European cities". Public Management Review. 25 (2): 201–223. doi:10.1080/14719037.2021.1963821. hdl:11585/891538. ISSN 1471-9037. S2CID 238723461.
- ^ a b Ganuza, Ernesto; Baiocchi, Gianpaolo (5 December 2019). "The long journey of participatory budgeting". Handbook of Democratic Innovation and Governance: 77–89. ISBN 9781786433862.
- ^ a b Tsurkan, Marina V.; Sotskova, Svetlana I.; Aksinina, Olga S.; Lyubarskaya, Maria A.; Tkacheva, Oksana N. (2016). "Influence of the Participatory Budgeting on the Infrastructural Development of the Territories in the Russian Federation". International Journal of Environmental and Science Education. 11 (15): 7684–7702. ISSN 1306-3065.
Bibliography
- Sintomer, Yves; Herzberg, Carsten; Röcke, Anja (2008), From Porto Alegre to Europe: Potentials and Limitations of Participatory Budgeting (PDF), International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.
- Geissel, Brigitte; Newton, Kenneth (2012), Evaluating Democratic Innovations: Curing the Democratic Malaise?, Routledge, ISBN 9781136579950.
- Gilman, Hollie Russon (2012), Transformative Deliberations: Participatory Budgeting in the United States (PDF), Journal of Public Deliberation.
- Gilman, Hollie Russon (2016), Engaging Citizens: Participatory Budgeting and the Inclusive Governance Movement within the United States (PDF), Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation, Harvard Kennedy School.
- Novy, Andreas; Leubolt, Bernhard (2005), "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Social Innovation and the Dialectical Relationship of State and Civil Society", Urban Studies, 42 (11): 2023–2036, Bibcode:2005UrbSt..42.2023N, doi:10.1080/00420980500279828, S2CID 143202031.
- Goldfrank, Benjamin (2006), Lessons from Latin American Experience in Participatory Budgeting (PDF), San Juan, Puerto Rico
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Avritzer, Leonardo (2006), "New Public Spheres in Brazil: Local Democracy and Deliberative Politics", International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30 (3): 623–637, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00692.x.
- de Sousa Santos, Boaventura (1998), "Participatory Budgeting in Porto Alegre: Toward a Redistributive Democracy", Politics & Society, 26 (4): 461–510, doi:10.1177/0032329298026004003, hdl:10316/10839, S2CID 220787756.
- Souza, Celina (2001), "Participatory budgeting in Brazilian cities: limits and possibilities in building democratic institutions", Environment and Urbanization, 13 (1): 159–184, Bibcode:2001EnUrb..13..159S, doi:10.1177/095624780101300112.
- Cabannes, Yves (2004), "Participatory budgeting: a significant contribution to participatory democracy", Environment and Urbanization, 16 (1): 27–46, Bibcode:2004EnUrb..16...27C, doi:10.1177/095624780401600104.
- Abers, Rebecca (1998), "From Clientelism to Cooperation: Local Government, Participatory Policy, and Civic Organizing in Porto Alegrem Brazil", Politics & Society, 26 (4): 511–537, doi:10.1177/0032329298026004004, S2CID 154038651.
External links
- General / Global
- Participatory budgeting initiatives around the world (map (non-exhaustive)), Google Maps.
- Pabulib - an online collection of real-world participatory budgeting instances.
- Study with cases of Participatory Budgeting experiences in OECD countries
- www.chs.ubc.ca/participatory - links to participatory budgeting articles and resources
- http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky/lclp/poa_vl.html - links to participatory budgeting articles and resources
- Participatory Budgeting Facebook Group - large participatory budgeting online community
- An interview with Josh Lerner, Executive Director of the Participatory Budgeting Project
- Americas
- The Participatory Budgeting Project – a non-profit organization that supports participatory budgeting in North America and hosts an international resource site.
- Case study on the Electronic Participatory Budgeting of the city of Belo Horizonte (Brazil)
- www.citymayors.com - participatory budgeting in Brazil
- PB in Rosario, Argentina Official Site of participatory budgeting in Rosario, Argentina (Spanish).
- "Experimentos democráticos. Asambleas barriales y Presupuesto Participativo en Rosario, 2002-2005" - Doctoral Dissertation of Alberto Ford on Participatory Budgeting in Rosario, Argentina (Spanish).
- Participatory budgeting site of Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Europe
- PBnetwork UK - information on participatory budgeting in the UK
- PB Scotland- Support to implement participatory budgeting in Scotland
- Participatory budgeting publications and resources from What Works Scotland
- Digital tools and participatory budgeting in Scotland from The Democratic Society
- Budget Participatif Paris - participatory budgeting website for the City of Paris
- Electronic Participatory Budgeting in Iceland - Case study
- www.nuovomunicipio.org - Rete del Nuovo Municipio, the Italian project linking Local Authorities, scientists and local committees for promoting Participatory Democracy and Active Citizenship mainly by way of participatory budgeting
- "More generous than you would think": Giovanni Allegretti shares insight of PB in an interviews with D+C/E+Z's Eva-Maria Verfürth, EU: DANDC.