Country | President | Parliament |
Lower House | Upper House |
Abkhazia | 2020 | 2022 |
Afghanistan | Autocracy[1][2][3] (2016; installed 2021) | Appointed[4] |
Åland | Indirectly-elected | 2023 |
Albania | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
Algeria | 2019 | 2021 | Appointed/indirectly-elected (2022) |
American Samoa | 2020 | 2022 | 2022 |
Andorra | Monarchy | 2023 |
Angola | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
Anguilla | Monarchy | 2020 |
Antigua and Barbuda | Monarchy | 2023 | Appointed |
Argentina | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
Armenia | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
Aruba | Monarchy | 2021 |
Australia | Monarchy | 2022 | 2022 |
Austria | 2022 | 2019 | Indirectly-elected |
Azerbaijan | 2024 | 2020 |
Bahamas | Monarchy | 2021 | Appointed |
Bahrain | Monarchy | 2022 | Appointed |
Bangladesh | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2024 |
Barbados | Indirectly-elected | 2022 | Appointed |
Belarus | 2020 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Belgium | Monarchy | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Belize | Monarchy | 2020 | Appointed |
Benin | 2021 | 2023 |
Bermuda | Monarchy | 2020 | Appointed |
Bhutan | Monarchy | 2023-24 | 2023 |
Bolivia | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2022 | 2022 | Indirectly-elected |
Botswana | Indirectly-elected | 2019 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Brazil | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
British Virgin Islands | Monarchy | 2023 |
Brunei | Monarchy | Appointed |
Bulgaria | 2024 | 2023 |
Burkina Faso | 2020 | 2020 |
Burundi | 2020 | 2020 | Indirectly-elected |
Cambodia | Monarchy | 2023 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Cameroon | 2018 | 2020 | Indirectly-elected |
Canada | Monarchy | 2021 | Appointed |
Cape Verde | 2021 | 2021 |
Cayman Islands | Monarchy | 2021 |
Central African Republic | 2020 | 2020–21 |
Chad | 2021 | 2011 |
Chile | 2021 | 2021 | 2021 |
People's Republic of China | Indirectly-elected (2023) | Indirectly-elected (2022-2023) |
Republic of China | 2024 | 2024 |
Colombia | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
Comoros | 2024 | 2020 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2023 | 2023 | Indirectly-elected |
Republic of the Congo | 2021 | 2022 | Indirectly-elected |
Cook Islands | Monarchy | 2022 |
Costa Rica | 2022 | 2022 |
Croatia | 2019–2020 | 2024 |
Cuba | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2023 |
Cyprus | 2023 | 2021 |
Czech Republic | 2023 | 2021 | 2022 |
Denmark | Monarchy | 2022 |
Djibouti | 2021 | 2023 |
Dominica | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
Dominican Republic | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
East Timor | 2022 | 2023 |
Ecuador | 2023 | 2023 |
Egypt | 2023 | 2020 | 2020 |
El Salvador | 2024 | 2024 |
Equatorial Guinea | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
Eritrea | None | None |
Estonia | Indirectly-elected (2021) | 2023 |
Eswatini | Monarchy | 2023 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Ethiopia | Indirectly-elected | 2021 | Indirectly-elected |
Falkland Islands | Monarchy | 2021 |
Fiji | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
Finland | 2024 | 2023 |
France | 2022 | 2024 | Indirectly-elected (2023) |
Gabon | 2023 | 2023 | Indirectly-elected |
Gambia | 2021 | 2022 |
Georgia | 2018 | 2020 |
Germany | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 | Indirectly-elected |
Ghana | 2020 | 2020 |
Gibraltar | Monarchy | 2023 |
Greece | Indirectly-elected | 2023 |
Grenada | Monarchy | 2022 | Appointed |
Guatemala | 2023 | 2023 |
Guernsey | Monarchy | 2020 |
Guinea | 2020 | 2020 |
Guinea-Bissau | 2019 | 2023 |
Guyana | Indirectly-elected | 2020 |
Haiti | 2016–17 | 2015–16 | 2016–17 |
Honduras | 2021 | 2021 |
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
Hungary | Indirectly-elected (2024) | 2022 |
Iceland | 2024 | 2021 |
India | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected (2024) |
Indonesia | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
Iran | 2024 | 2024 |
Iraq | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
Republic of Ireland | 2018 | 2020 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Israel | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
Italy | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2022 | 2022 |
Ivory Coast | 2020 | 2021 |
Jamaica | Monarchy | 2020 | Appointed |
Japan | Monarchy | 2021 | 2022 |
Jersey | Monarchy | 2022 |
Jordan | Monarchy | 2020 | Appointed |
Kazakhstan | 2022 | 2023 | Appointed/indirectly-elected (2023) |
Kenya | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
Kiribati | 2020 | 2020 |
North Korea | Indirectly-elected | 2019 |
South Korea | 2022 | 2024 |
Republic of Kosovo | Indirectly-elected | 2021 |
Kuwait | Monarchy | 2023 |
Kyrgyzstan | 2021 | 2021 |
Laos | Indirectly-elected | 2021 |
Latvia | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
Lebanon | Indirectly-elected | 2022 |
Lesotho | Monarchy | 2022 | Appointed |
Liberia | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
Libya | Provisional | 2014 |
Liechtenstein | Monarchy | 2021 |
Lithuania | 2024 | 2020 |
Luxembourg | Monarchy | 2023 |
Macao Special Administrative Region | Indirectly-elected (2019) | 2021 |
Madagascar | 2023 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Malawi | 2020 | 2019 |
Malaysia | Monarchy | 2022 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Maldives | 2023 | 2024 |
Mali | 2018 | 2020 |
Malta | Indirectly-elected (2024) | 2022 |
Isle of Man | Monarchy | 2021 |
Marshall Islands | Indirectly-elected | 2023 |
Mauritania | 2024 | 2023 |
Mauritius | Indirectly-elected | 2019 |
Mexico | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
Micronesia | Indirectly-elected | 2023 |
Moldova | 2020 | 2021 |
Monaco | Monarchy | 2023 |
Mongolia | 2021 | 2024 |
Montserrat | Monarchy | 2019 |
Montenegro | 2023 | 2023 |
Morocco | Monarchy | 2021 | Indirectly-elected |
Mozambique | 2019 | 2019 |
Myanmar | Indirectly-elected | 2020 | 2020 |
Namibia | 2019 | 2019 | Indirectly-elected |
Nauru | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2022 |
Nepal | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2022 | Indirectly-elected (2024) |
Netherlands | Monarchy | 2023 | Indirectly-elected (2023) |
New Zealand | Monarchy | 2023 |
Nicaragua | 2021 | 2021 |
Niger | 2020–21 | 2020–21 |
Nigeria | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
Niue | Monarchy | 2023 |
Northern Cyprus | 2020 | 2022 |
North Macedonia | 2019 | 2020 |
Norway | Monarchy | 2021 |
Oman | Monarchy | 2023 | Appointed |
Pakistan | Indirectly-elected (2024) | 2024 | Indirectly-elected |
Palau | 2020 | 2020 | 2020 |
Palestine | 2005 | 2006 |
Panama | 2024 | 2024 |
Papua New Guinea | Monarchy | 2022 |
Paraguay | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |
Peru | 2021 | 2021 |
Philippines | 2022 | 2022 | 2022 |
Pitcairn Islands | Monarchy | 2023 |
Poland | 2020 | 2023 | 2023 |
Portugal | 2021 | 2024 |
Qatar | Monarchy | 2021 |
Romania | 2019 | 2020 | 2020 |
Russia | 2024 | 2021 | Indirectly-elected |
Rwanda | 2024 | 2024 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Sahrawi Republic | Indirectly-elected (2023) | 2023 |
Saint Helena | Monarchy | 2021 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Monarchy | 2022 |
Saint Lucia | Monarchy | 2021 | Appointed |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Monarchy | 2020 |
Samoa | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2021 |
San Marino | Indirectly-elected | 2024 |
São Tomé and Príncipe | 2021 | 2022 |
Saudi Arabia | Monarchy | Appointed |
Senegal | 2024 | 2022 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Serbia | 2022 | 2023 |
Seychelles | 2020 | 2020 |
Sierra Leone | 2023 | 2023 |
Singapore | 2023 | 2020 |
Slovakia | 2024 | 2023 |
Slovenia | 2022 | 2022 |
Solomon Islands | Monarchy | 2024 |
Somalia | Indirectly-elected (2022) | Indirectly-elected (2021–2022) |
Somaliland | 2017 | 2021 | Appointed |
South Africa | Indirectly-elected | 2024 | Indirectly-elected |
South Ossetia | 2022 | 2024 |
South Sudan | 2010 | 2010 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Spain | Monarchy | 2023 | 2023 |
Sri Lanka | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2020 |
Sudan | Provisional | Provisional |
Suriname | Indirectly-elected | 2020 |
Sweden | Monarchy | 2022 |
Switzerland | Indirectly-elected | 2023 | 2023 |
Syria | 2021 | 2024 |
Tajikistan | 2020 | 2020 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Tanzania | 2020 | 2020 |
Thailand | Monarchy | 2023 | Indirectly-elected |
Togo | 2020 | 2024 |
Tonga | Monarchy | 2021 |
Transnistria | 2021 | 2020 |
Trinidad and Tobago | Indirectly-elected | 2020 | Appointed |
Tunisia | 2019 | 2022–2023 |
Turkey | 2023 | 2023 |
Turkmenistan | 2022 | 2023 |
Turks and Caicos Islands | Monarchy | 2021 |
Tuvalu | Monarchy | 2024 |
Uganda | 2021 | 2021 |
Ukraine | 2019 | 2019 |
United Arab Emirates | Monarchy | 2023 |
United Kingdom | Monarchy | 2024 | Appointed |
United States | 2020 | 2022 | 2022 |
Uruguay | 2019 | 2019 | 2019 |
Uzbekistan | 2023 | 2019–2020 | Appointed/indirectly-elected |
Vanuatu | Indirectly-elected (2022) | 2022 |
Vatican City | Elective monarchy (2013) | Appointed |
Venezuela | 2018 | 2020 |
Vietnam | Indirectly-elected | 2021 |
Yemen | 2012 | 2003 |
Zambia | 2021 | 2021 |
Zimbabwe | 2023 | 2023 | 2023 |