List of the first women holders of political offices in South America
Argentina
- President of a Major Political Party – Eva Perón – 1947[1]
- First women in Congress – Twenty-two peronist women – 1951[2]
- Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies – Delia Parodi – 1953[3]
- Minister of the Supreme Court – Margarita Argúas – 1970[4]
- Vice President of Argentina – Isabel Perón – 1973[5]
- President of the Argentine Senate – Isabel Perón – 1973[5]
- President of Argentina – Isabel Perón – 1974[6]
- Foreign Minister (also first female Cabinet Minister) – Susana Ruiz Cerutti – 1989[7]
- Provincial governor – Alicia Lemme – 2001 (of San Luis Province)[8]
- Defense Minister – Nilda Garré – 2005[9]
- Economy Minister – Felisa Miceli – 2005[10]
- Elected President of Argentina – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner – December 10, 2007[11]
- Elected provincial governor – Fabiana Ríos – December 10, 2007 (of Tierra del Fuego Province)[12]
Bolivia
- Minister of Labour and Health – Alcira Espinoza Schmidt de Villegas – 1969[13]
- President (acting) – Lidia Gueiler Tejada – 1979[14]
- Minister of Justice - Ana Maria Cortez de Soriano - 1997[15][16]
- Interior minister – Alicia Muñoz Alá – 2006[17]
- Minister of Planning and Environment – Gloria McPhee[18]
- Defense Minister - María Cecilia Chacón - 2011[19]
Brazil
- 1871: Senator – Isabel, Princess Imperial[20]
Republic of the United States of Brazil:
- 1927: Elected Mayor (Lages) – Alzira Soriano[21][22][23][24]
- 1933: Federal Deputy – Carlota Pereira de Queirós[22][24][25]
- 1958: Elected Mayor (Quixeramobim) – Aldamira Guedes Fernandes[23]
- 1962: Secretary of Social Service – Sandra Martins Cavalcanti de Albuquerque[26]
National level
- 1979: Senator of the Republic (Amazonas) – Eunice Michilles[22][24][27]
- 1982: Cabinet minister - Minister of Education – Esther Figueiredo Ferraz[24][28]
- 1986: State Governor (Acre) – Iolanda Fleming[29]
- 1990: Elected Senators – Júnia Marise (Minas Gerais) and Marluce Pinto (Roraima)[24]
- 1995: Elected Governor (Maranhão) – Roseana Sarney[22]
- 2011: President – Dilma Rousseff[30]
Individual ministries
- 1989: Minister of Labour – Dorothea Werneck[31]
- 1990: Minister of Economy – Zélia Cardoso de Melo[22][32]
- 1993: Minister of Planning – Yeda Crusius[31]
- 1993: Minister of Transportation – Margarida Coimbra do Nascimento[31]
- 1995: Minister of Industry, Commerce and Tourism – Dorothea Werneck[31]
- 2002: Minister of National Integration – Mary Dayse Kynzo[33]
- 2003: Minister of Natural Environment – Marina Silva[31]
- 2003: Secretary for Women's Rights – Emília Fernandes[31]
- 2003: Secretary for Promotion of Racial Equality – Matilde Ribeiro[31]
- 2003: Minister of Energy – Dilma Rousseff[34]
- 2005: Chief of Staff – Dilma Rousseff[34]
- 2007: Minister of Tourism – Marta Suplicy[35]
- 2010: Minister of Social Development and Hunger Alleviation – Márcia Lopes[36]
- 2011: Minister of Culture – Ana de Hollanda[37]
- 2011: Minister of Fishing and Aquaculture – Ideli Salvatti[38]
- 2011: Secretary for Human Rights – Maria do Rosário[39]
- 2011: Secretary for Social Communication – Helena Chagas[40]
Chile
- Mayor – Emilia Werner – 1927[41]
- Mayor of Ránquil – Emilia Werner – 1927[42]
- Mayor of Providencia – Alicia Cañas – 1935[43]
- Mayor of Santiago – Graciela Contreras – January 6, 1939[44]
- Mayor of Pichilemu – Olga Maturana Espinosa – 1952[45]
- Mayor of Concepción – Ester Roa – 1958[46]
- Mayor of Las Condes – Silvia Boza – 1968[47]
- Governor – Olga Boettcher – March 12, 1941[48]
- Governor of La Unión Department – Olga Boettcher – March 12, 1941[48]
- Governor of Tamarugal Province – Gabriela Hip – October 8, 2007[49]
- Intendant – Inés Enríquez – 1950[43]
- Intendant of Concepción – Inés Enríquez – 1950[43]
- Intendant of the Santiago Metropolitan Region – Ximena Rincón – January 25, 2005[50]
- Congresswoman – Inés Enríquez – 1951[43]
- Congresswoman for Concepción – Inés Enríquez – 1951[43]
- Minister – Adriana Olguín de Baltra – 1952[43]
- Minister of Justice – Adriana Olguín de Baltra – 1952[43][51]
- Minister of Education – María Teresa del Canto – 1952
- Minister of Labour and Social Welfare – Mireya Baltra – 1972-1973[52]
- Minister of National Resources (Ministra de Bienes Nacionales) – Adriana Delpiano – March 11, 1994[53]
- Minister of Foreign Relations – Soledad Alvear – March 11, 2000[54]
- Minister of Health – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2000[55]
- Minister of Planning and Cooperation (MIDEPLAN) – Alejandra Krauss – January 7, 2002[56]
- Minister of Defense – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2002[57]
- Minister of Housing, Urban Development and National Goods – Sonia Tschorne – September 29, 2004[58]
- Minister Secretary-General of the Presidency – Paulina Veloso – March 11, 2006[59]
- Minister of Economy, Development and Reconstruction – Ingrid Antonijevic – March 11, 2006[60]
- Minister of Mining and Energy – Karen Poniachik – March 11, 2006[61]
- Minister President of the National Council of Culture and the Arts – Paulina Urrutia – March 11, 2006[62]
- Minister General Secretary of Government – Carolina Tohá – March 11, 2009[63]
- Ministry of Public Works – Loreto Silva – 2012[64]
- Minister of Transport and Telecommunications – Paola Tapia – March 14, 2017[65]
- Senator – María de la Cruz – February 13, 1953[43]
- Senator (Santiago) – María de la Cruz – February 13, 1953[43]
- Minister[a] of the Supreme Court Justice – María Antonia Morales – November 5, 2001[66]
- President of the Christian Democrat Party (PDC) - Soledad Alvear - 2006[67]
- President of the Chamber of Deputies – Adriana Muñoz – March 11, 2002[68]
- President of Chile – Michelle Bachelet – March 11, 2006[69]
- President of the Senate – Isabel Allende – March 11, 2014[70]
Colombia
- Secretary of Social Assistance of the Presidency – María Eugenia Rojas Correa de Moreno-Díaz – 1954[71]
- Governor of Cauca (first governor, nominated by President) – Josefina Valencia de Hubach – 1955[72]
- Minister of Education (first cabinet post) – Josefina Valencia de Hubach – 1956[73]
- Senator – Esmeralda Arboleda – 1958[74][75][76]
- Presidential candidate – María Eugenia Rojas – 1974[72]
- Minister of Justice - Mónica de Greiff - 1989[77]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Noemí Sanín – 1991[78]
- Governor of Quindío (first governor elected) – Belén Sánchez – 1992[79]
- Minister with presidential functions (acting President) – María Emma Mejía – 1998[80]
- President of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia – Nancy Patricia Gutiérrez – 1999[81]
- Minister of Defense – Marta Lucía Ramírez de Rincón – August 2002[82]
- President of the Senate of Colombia – Claudia Blum de Barbieri – July 2005[83]
- General (National Police) - Luz Marina Bustos - 2009[84]
Ecuador
- Minister of Interior – Nela Martínez – 1944[85]
- Minister of Social Affairs – Margarita Cedeños de Armijos – 1979[85]
- President (acting) – Rosalía Arteaga – 1997[86]
- Foreign minister – Nina Pacari Vega – 2003[87]
- Defence minister – Guadalupe Larriva González – 2007[88]
- Minister of Justice - Ledy Zúñiga Rocha - 2014[89][90]
Falkland Islands
- Elected Member of the Legislative Council (for East Falkland)– Marjorie Vinson – 1964[91]
- Governor – Alison Blake – 2022[92]
Guyana
- Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly of Guyana – Janet Jagan – 1953[93]
- President – Janet Jagan – 1997[94]
- Prime Minister – Janet Jagan – 1997[94]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Carolyn Rodrigues – 2008[95]
Paraguay
- Member of the Supreme Court – Serafina Dávalos – 1908[96]
- Minister of Health and Social Affairs – Maria Cynthia Prieto Conti de Alegre – 1989[97]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Leila Rachid de Cowles – 2003[98]
- Minister of Public Health and Social Welfare – Esperanza Martínez (politician) – 2008[99]
- Minister of Education and Culture – Blanca Ovelar – 2003[100]
- Presidential Candidate – Blanca Ovelar – 2008[101][102]
- Minister of Indigenous Affairs – Margarita Mbywangi – 2008[103]
- Minister of Women – Gloria Rubin – 2012[104]
- Minister of Justice and Labor – Sheila Abed – 2013[105]
Peru
- Senator of the Republic – Irene Silva de Santolalla – 1956[106]
- Deputy of the Republic – Matilde Pérez Palacio – 1956[107]
- Mayor of Lima – Anita Fernandini de Naranjo – 1963[108]
- Minister of Education – Mercedes Cabanillas – 1987 (first woman ever in the Council of Ministers)[109]
- President of Congress – Martha Chávez – 1995[110]
- Prime Minister – Beatriz Merino – 2003[111]
- Minister of Health – Pilar Mazzetti – 2004[112]
- Ombudswoman of the Republic – Beatriz Merino – 2005[111]
- Minister of Interior – Pilar Mazzetti – 2006[112]
- Minister of Justice and Human Rights of Peru - María Bockos Heredia de Grillo -1989[113]
- Minister of Foreign Commerce and Tourism – Mercedes Aráoz – 2006[114]
- Minister of Transportation and Communications – Verónica Zavala – 2006[115]
- Minister of Work and Employment – Susana Pinilla – 2006[116]
- President (acting) – Lourdes Mendoza – 2007 (Alan García went to Ecuador, so she stayed in charge of the Presidency for one day)[117]
- Minister of Foreign Affairs – Eda Rivas – 2013[118]
Suriname
- Minister of Social Affairs and Housing – Siegmien Staphorst – 1980[119]
- Minister of Justice and Police - Yvonne Raveles-Resida - 1999[120]
- Foreign minister – Marie Levens – 2000[121]
Uruguay
- Legislative Power
- Deputies – Julia Arévalo de Roche, Magdalena Antonelli Moreno – 1943[122]
- Senators – Sofía Álvarez Vignoli, Isabel Pinto de Vidal – 1943[123]
- Cabinet member - Alba Roballo - 1968[124]
- Member of the Board of the National Party and Minister of Labor and Social Welfare - Ana Lía Piñeyrúa - 1995[125]
- Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies – Nora Castro – 2005[126]
- Speaker of the General Assembly – Lucía Topolansky – 15 February 2010[127] / Beatriz Argimón – 1 March 2020
- Acting President of the Republic – Lucía Topolansky – 26–28 November 2010[128]
- Municipal
- Member of municipal council – Alba Roballo – 1955[129]
- Intendant of Montevideo – Ana Olivera – 2010[130]
- Intendant of Artigas – Patricia Ayala – 2010[131]
- Intendant of Lavalleja – Adriana Peña – 2010[132]
- Intendant of San José – Ana María Bentaberri – 2020[133]
- National Government
- Minister of Culture – Alba Roballo – 1968[134]
- Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare – Ana Lía Piñeyrúa – 1995[134]
- Ministry of Housing, Territorial Planning and Environment – Beatriz Martínez – 1999[134]
- Minister of Industry, Energy and Mining – Primavera Garbarino – 2000[134]
- Minister of National Defense – Azucena Berrutti – 2005[134]
- Minister of Public Health – María Julia Muñoz – 2005[134]
- Minister of Social Development – Marina Arismendi – 2005[134]
- Minister of the Interior – Daisy Tourné – 2007[134]
- Minister of Tourism – Liliam Kechichián – 2012[134]
- Minister of Economy and Finance - Azucena Arbeleche - 2020[135]
- Judiciary
- Member of the Supreme Court (Dictatorial period)– Sara Fons de Genta – 1981[136][137][138][139]
- Member of the Supreme Court (Post-Democracy)- Jacinta Balbela – 1985[140][141]
Venezuela
- Constituent Assembly representative – Mercedes Carvajal de Arocha – 1947[142]
- Senator – Mercedes Carvajal de Arocha – 1948[142]
- Minister of Development – Aura Celina Casanova – 1969[143]
- Presidential candidate – Ismenia Villalba – 1988[144]
- Mayor of Chacao – Irene Sáez – 1992[145]
- Governor – Lolita Aniyar de Castro – 1993[146]
- Governor of Zulia – Lolita Aniyar de Castro – 1993[146][147]
- President of the Chamber of Deputies – Ixora Rojas Paz – 1998[148]
- Vice President – Adina Bastidas – 2002[149]
- President of the National Assembly – Cilia Flores – 2006[150]
- Minister of the Prison Service - Iris Varela - 2011[151]
- Minister of Defense - Carmen Meléndez - 2013[152]
- Foreign minister – Delcy Rodríguez – 2014[153]
See also
- List of elected and appointed female heads of state
- List of elected or appointed female heads of government
- List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
- List of the first women holders of political offices in North and Central America and the Caribbean
References
- ^ Regular member of the Supreme Court, not its head.
- ^ Navarro, Marysa (1994). Evita. Buenos Aires: Planet. ISBN 950-742-533-0.
- ^ Fowler, Will. Latin America since 1780. Second Edition. (UK: Hodder Education) 2008. p.116
- ^ Cámara de Diputados de la Nación: Proyecto de resolución (in Spanish)
- ^ "Mujeres en la justicia: por derecho propio". Torcuato di Tella University (in Spanish). 4 June 2006. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
- ^ a b Samaniego, Fabián; Rojas, Nelson; Rodriguez, Francisco; Alarcon, Francisco X. (27 January 2011). Mundo 21 (in Spanish). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781133168799.
- ^ Blitt, Mary Ann; Casas, Margarita; Copple, Mary T. (1 January 2014). Exploraciones curso intermedio 4LTR press (in Spanish). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305436978.
- ^ "Susana Ruiz Cerutti". www.fundacionkonex.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "San Luis: asumió la primera gobernadora". La Nación (in Spanish). 26 December 2001. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Biografia y Noticias de Nilda Garré ||| TresLineas.com.ar". Tres Lineas. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Invertia. Felisa Miceli, la primera mujer en llegar a Economía Archived 2012-07-07 at archive.today.
- ^ "Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner". BBC News. 8 October 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Fabiana Ríos, la primera mujer elegida para gobernar una provincia". www.pagina12.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Bolivia Ministers".
- ^ Madrid, VERÓNICA CALDERÓN | (9 May 2011). "Lidia Gueiler, un paréntesis democrático en Bolivia". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Chiefs of State and Cabinet members of foreign governments / National Foreign Assessment Center. Jan-Apr 1998". HathiTrust. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- ^ G, Carlos D. Mesa (2003). Presidentes de Bolivia: entre urnas y fusiles : el poder ejecutivo, los ministros de Estado (in Spanish). Editorial Gisbert.
- ^ AGENCIAS (23 January 2006). "Morales toma juramento a los 16 ministros que integran el "nuevo Gabinete del pueblo"". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Gloria McPhee | The Royal Gazette:Bermuda Opinion". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Una mujer toma el mando del Ministerio de Defensa". hemeroteca.correodelsur.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Rezzutti, Paulo (11 May 2018). Mulheres do Brasil: A história não contada (in Brazilian Portuguese). LEYA. ISBN 9788544107065.
- ^ (in Portuguese) [1]
- ^ a b c d e (in Portuguese) "As Mulheres Fazem História" Archived 2013-06-19 at the Wayback Machine. IBGE teen.
- ^ a b (in Portuguese) "Primeira prefeita do Brasil". Diário do Nordeste. October 5, 2008.
- ^ a b c d e (in Portuguese) "Direito de voto feminino completa 76 anos no Brasil; saiba mais sobre essa conquista". Folha de S. Paulo. February 21, 2008.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Almeida, Denise. "3 de maio de 1933 — A primeira deputada eleita" Archived 2015-09-21 at the Wayback Machine. Jornal do Brasil. April 3, 2009.
- ^ "Brazil Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ (in Portuguese) "Arquivo G1: Brasil tem primeira senadora". G1. May 11, 2007.
- ^ "Morre Esther Ferraz, a primeira mulher a ocupar cargo de ministra no Brasil". Folha Online. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Eleições 2002 – Curiosidades. Folha de S. Paulo.
- ^ (in Portuguese) AFP. "Dilma Rousseff é eleita primeira mulher presidente do Brasil"[permanent dead link]. Yahoo!. October 31, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Apuro, Revista (30 May 2016). "#AlgoaTemer: As mulheres que estavam aqui". Revista Apuro. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ (in Portuguese) Martello, Alexandre. "Zélia Cardoso ressurge e diz que 'pragmatismo' guiou Plano Collor". G1. September 9, 2008.
- ^ "Dayse Kinzo abre seminário sobre combate a incêndios". memoria.ebc.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 May 2002. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ a b Tasso, Ismara; Navarro, Pedro (1 January 2012). Produção de identidades e processos de subjetivação em práticas discursivas (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora da Universidade Estadual de Maringá - EDUEM. ISBN 9788576285830.
- ^ "Folha Online - Brasil - Marta Suplicy aceita Ministério do Turismo e se diz satisfeita com o cargo - 19/03/2007". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Márcia Lopes, assistente social paranaense, assume Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Combate à Fome – CRESS-PR" (in Brazilian Portuguese). 31 March 2010. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Após série de desgastes, Ana de Hollanda deixa Ministério da Cultura; Marta Suplicy assume". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Ideli Salvatti: Tentam apagar as mulheres da História". www.pt.org.br. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Vereadora e deputada no RS, Maria do Rosário vira ministra". Terra (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ G1, Do; Paulo, em Brasília e em São (26 December 2010). "Com 9 mulheres, Dilma supera 'cota' de Lula, FHC, Collor, Itamar e Sarney". Política (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "La primera alcaldesa de Chile tendrá la comuna de Ranquil" (PDF). La Nación. 16 December 1927. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
- ^ "150 ñublensinos que marcan la historia de Chillán y la región" (PDF). Edición especial "150 años de Diario La Discusión". Chillán, Chile. 5 February 2020. pp. 70–99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Sebastián Oyarce and Camila Infanta (11 January 2009). "Voto Mujer: A 60 años de la conquista". El Mercurio. Also available in diario.elmercurio.cl, VOTO MUJER, a 60 años de la conquista
- ^ "Municipalidad de Santiago". Municipalidaddesantiago.cl. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "NUNCA ES TARDE PARA REITERAR NUESTRAS DISCULPAS". PichilemuNews.cl || Pichilemu en Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Ester Roa". www.diarioelsur.cl. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Las Condes". Lascondes.cl. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ a b "OLGA BOETTCHER MAETSCHL, PRIMERA MUJER GOBERNADORA EN CHILE Y AMERICA". BND: Archivo de referencias críticas. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ El Mercurio S.A.P. (6 October 2007). "El Mercurio.com". Diario.elmercurio.cl. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ El Mercurio S.A.P. (13 December 2005). "El Mercurio.com". Diario.elmercurio.cl. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ LUN. "El Mercurio | NACIONAL| Página 6 | viernes, 25 de diciembre de 2015". Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Mireya Baltra, Ministra del Trabajo de Salvador Allende: "Quedé con la sensación de que hicimos poco"" (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Nueva ministra de Educación: Adriana Delpiano, una cara conocida en La Moneda | La Tercera". www.latercera.com. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Reseñas parlamentarias – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile". Biografias.bcn.cl. 5 September 2009. Archived from the original on 10 May 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "La salud está en manos de las mujeres: hoy son siete de cada 10 funcionarios". El Mercurio (in Spanish). 23 July 2012.
- ^ "Alejandra Krauss: La ex ministra DC del gobierno de Lagos que llega a Trabajo | La Tercera". www.latercera.com. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "¿Quién es Michelle Bachelet?". BBC News. 15 January 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ "Sonia Tschorne: Pionera por partida triple". Revista COSAS (in European Spanish). 27 April 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Cooperativa.cl. "Quiénes son los ministros de la Presidenta Michelle Bachelet". Cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (30 January 2006). "Ingrid Antonijevic: El cerebro de las finanzas de Bachelet liderará Economía | Emol.com". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Karen Poniachik fue designada Ministra de Minería y Energía". Minería Chilena (in European Spanish). 31 January 2006. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (30 January 2006). "Paulina Urrutia: Mujer de artes al Ministerio de las artes | Emol.com". Emol (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Carolina Tohá es la primera mujer que asume la vocería de Gobierno" [Carolina Tohá is the first woman to be the Government spokesperson]. Emol.com. 12 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2009.
- ^ "nacion.cl – Loreto Silva es la primera mujer que lidera Obras Públicas en 125 años de historia ministerial". Lanacion.cl. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2012.
- ^ "Paola Tapia Salas, la primera mujer que asume la cabeza del Ministerio de Transportes" [Paola Tapia Salas, the first woman to be the head of Ministry of Transport]. Emol.com (in Spanish). 14 March 2017.
- ^ S.A.P, El Mercurio (5 November 2001). "Histórico juramento de mujeres en Corte Suprema | Emol.com". Emol. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ Nacional, Biblioteca del Congreso. "Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional | Historia Política". bcn.cl. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Discurso Diputada Adriana Muñoz D'Alvora – Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile" (in Spanish). Bcn.cl. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (11 March 2010). "Michelle Bachelet profile". Topics.nytimes.com. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
- ^ "Isabel Allende, primera mujer que asume como presidenta del Senado en Chile". La Nación. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ "Columbia Ministers".
- ^ a b Semana (11 March 2015). "Mujeres pioneras". Mujeres pioneras en Colombia (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Semana (3 December 2005). "Josefina Valencia De Hubach". Josefina Valencia De Hubach (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Semana (3 December 2005). "Esmeralda arboleda". Esmeralda arboleda (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Esmeralda, la primera mujer senadora en Colombia". MSN (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ "Una mujer que hizo historia | ELESPECTADOR.COM". ELESPECTADOR.COM (in Spanish). 22 January 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Dimite la ministra de Justicia de Colombia". El País (in Spanish). 23 September 1989. ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
- ^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (17 May 1998). "NOEMÍ SANÍN, UNA FEMINISTA TRADICIONAL". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ rhiss.net. "Legitimidad electoral en duda por Reforma Política". colombiaparatodos.net. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Guía de las mujeres (in Spanish). Instituto del Tercer Mundo. 2000.
- ^ "Gran Alianza Promete Salvar El Congreso". El Tiempo (in Spanish). 29 March 2000.
- ^ "Marta Lucía Ramirez | La Lupa - Revista Digital". la-lupa.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
- ^ "Perfil de Claudia Blum de Barberi". congresovisible.uniandes.edu.co. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Semana (11 March 2015). "Mujeres pioneras". Mujeres pioneras en Colombia. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Ecuador Ministers".
- ^ vertele.eldiario.es (9 November 2018). "Rosalía Arteaga, primera mujer presidenta de Ecuador: "Cortaban las patas de mis sillas para que pareciera más bajita"". vertele (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Zea, Leopoldo (2004). El cambio del Viejo Mundo empieza en el Nuevo Mundo: seis lecturas sobre la América Latina contemporánea (in Spanish). UNAM. ISBN 9789703218608.
- ^ "Dirigente de PSE y fue la primera Min. de Defensa - ENE. 25, 2007 - Política - Historicos - EL UNIVERSO". www.eluniverso.com. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Ledy Zúñiga Rocha es la primera mujer en presidir la Secretaría Técnica de Drogas | Secretaría Técnica de Prevención Integral de Drogas". www.prevenciondrogas.gob.ec (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ "Ledy Zúñiga Rocha. Secretaria Técnica de Prevención Integral de Drogas (SETED), Ecuador | COPOLAD". copolad.eu (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 June 2018.
- ^ "VINSON, MARJORIE (née DOWNS)". www.falklandsbiographies.org. Dictionary of Falklands Biography. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- ^ "As of Saturday, Falklands have the first woman Governor, Ms Alison Blake CMG". MercoPress. 23 July 2022.
- ^ "First Female Deputy Speaker". Our House. Guyana.
- ^ a b "Janet Jagan". The Guardian. 30 March 2009.
- ^ Staff Reporter (9 March 2010). "Rodrigues-Birkett honoured by Foreign Affairs Ministry staff". Guyana Chronicle. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Serafina Dávalos, lawyer and feminist" (in Spanish). MujeresTejiendoLaPaz.org. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
- ^ "Paraguay Ministers".
- ^ "Leila asume hoy como primera mujer ministra de RR.EE. - Edicion Impresa" (in Spanish). ABC Color. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Ministra de Salud encabeza ránking de mejores ministros". ultimahora.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Montess, Paulo Ramon (21 May 2013). "El MEC Cumple 70 Anos de Vida Institucional (2/5)". Retrieved 7 February 2019 – via PressReader.
- ^ "Paraguay nominates first woman for president", Associated Press (International Herald Tribune), January 22, 2008.
- ^ "BBC Mundo | Elecciones paraguay 2008". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ Morinigo, Lilian (27 December 2017). "Margarita Mbywangi: de esclava a lideresa". El Orejiverde (in European Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "Gloria Rubín, titular del Ministerio de la Mujer - Paraguay.com". www.paraguay.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "La primera mujer en el Ministerio del Trabajo". ABC Color (in European Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2018.
- ^ "Irene Santolalla, 90, Peruvian Specialist On Children, Is Dead". The New York Times. 4 August 1992. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Matilde Pérez Palacio: Centenario de la primera diputada por Lima". RPP (in Spanish). 6 September 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Personajes de Lima: Anita Fernandini, la primera alcaldesa de Lima". Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Mercedes Cabanillas Bustamante". www4.congreso.gob.pe. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Conaghan, Catherine M. (2005). Fujimori's Peru: Deception in the Public Sphere. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 57
- ^ a b noticias.universia.edu.pe. "Beatriz Merino entre las 100 mujeres más inspiradoras del mundo". Noticias Universia Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Pilar Mazzetti Soler: "Un ministro es un fusible"". Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Caretas: ilustración peruana (in Spanish). Empresa Editora Caretas S. A. 1994.
- ^ "La economista Mercedes Aráoz jura el cargo como nueva primera ministra de Perú". RTVE.es (in Spanish). 18 September 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Ejecutivo designa a nuevos viceministros de Transportes y sector Comunicaciones". Panamericana Televisión. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Susana Pinilla es la nueva directora representante de CAF en Panamá". www.caf.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Por segunda vez gobernaré Perú, dice Lourdes Mendoza". El Comercio (in Spanish). 25 April 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Eda Rivas, la primera mujer en asumir la cancillería de Perú". El Universo (in Spanish). 15 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Suriname Ministers".
- ^ "SURINAME: BIOGRAPHIES OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS, NOV. 1996". 13 January 2004. Archived from the original on 13 January 2004. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Starnieuws - Staande ovatie Marie Levens voor excellente prestaties". www.starnieuws.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ "La Republica (Uruguay): 2018-03-09 - March 8". Retrieved 8 February 2019 – via PressReader.
- ^ ElPais. "Del corsé a la bicicleta liberadora". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Uruguay, SEPREDI, Departamento Web | Presidencia de la República Oriental del. "Homenaje a la mujer que dedicó su vida a la defensa de la libertad de los más humildes". archivo.presidencia.gub.uy. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Martínez, Rufo (7 December 2012). "Sin exclusiones". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "Eligen a Nora Castro presidenta de la Cámara de Diputados | Cimac Noticias". www.cimacnoticias.com.mx. 30 November 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Think Uruguay's president is fascinating? Meet his wife". Public Radio International. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Lucía Topolansky, presidenta por dos días | Noticias | elmundo.es". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Parlamento uruguayo homenajea a Alba Roballo, la primera ministra del país". La Vanguardia. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ "Ana Olivera Primera Mujer Intendenta de Montevideo Electa". MontevideoUrbano (in European Spanish). 4 April 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Legrand, Denisse (21 July 2018). "Patricia Ayala: El FA debería promover nombres de mujeres pero "no sólo para los segundos lugares"". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ ElPais. "Adriana Peña será la única mujer intendenta del país". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ ElPais. "Ana Bentaberri, la primera mujer en llegar a la intendencia de San José". Diario EL PAIS Uruguay (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Uruguayan Government Ministers". rulers.org. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
- ^ "Azucena Arbeleche: "Son las personas y las empresas quienes mejor pueden llevar a cabo la asignación de recursos eficiente y eficaz"" (in Spanish). Uruguay: La Diaria. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ Borges, Ana Inés Larre; Pereira, Cielo (1997). Mujeres uruguayas: Julia Arévalo ; Dolores Castillo ; Enriqueta Compte y Riqué ; Melchora Cuenca ; Luisa Luisi ; Matilde Pacheco ; Manolita Piña de Torres García ; Concepción Silva ; Susana Soca ; Armonía Sommers (in Spanish). Fundación Banco de Boston. ISBN 9789974671089.
- ^ Diccionario biográfico de la mujer en el Uruguay (in Spanish). O.A. Fraire. 1999.
- ^ Galería de Búsqueda (in Spanish). 2007.
- ^ Sánchez, Santiago (8 March 2018). "La participación de las mujeres en el Poder Judicial decrece en las jerarquías más altas, aunque la tendencia se está revirtiendo". la diaria (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 May 2018.
- ^ "Falleció la jurista Jacinta Balbela". El Observador (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ "La juezas al poder". Busqueda. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ a b Who's Who in Latin America: Part III, Columbia, Ecuador and Venezuela. Stanford University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8047-0726-8.
- ^ "Venezuela Ministers". www.guide2womenleaders.com. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
- ^ El Universal, September 20, 2009. “Fallecìó la primera candidata a la presidencia”
- ^ McCoy, Jennifer (2006). "From Representative to Participatory Democracy?". In McCoy, Jennifer, Myers, David J. (eds.) (ed.). The unraveling of representative democracy in Venezuela. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801884284. OCLC 225220185.
- ^ a b "Absent Friends". European Group for the Study of Deviance and Social Control.
- ^ "Falleció la primera mujer gobernadora del Zulia, Lolita Aniyar de Castro". elvenezolanonews.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ^ "El cáncer se llevó a Ixora Rojas, primera mujer en dirigir el antiguo Congreso de Venezuela". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). 19 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
- ^ "Venezuela's Maduro renews cabinet, names vice president". Xinhua. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018.
- ^ Cawthorne, Andrew; Naranjo, Mario (9 December 2012). "Who is Nicolas Maduro, Possible Successor to Hugo Chávez?". The Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ "Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Servicio Penitenciario- Mppsp". MPPSP (in European Spanish). Retrieved 13 June 2018.
- ^ "Venezuela names admiral to be first female defense minister". Reuters. 6 July 2013.
- ^ Semana (15 June 2018). "Delcy Rodríguez, la mujer más poderosa de Venezuela". Delcy Rodríguez, la mujer más poderosa de Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2019.