List of longest prison sentences served
This is a list of longest prison sentences served by a single person, worldwide, without a period of freedom followed by a second conviction. These cases rarely coincide with the longest prison sentences given, because some countries have laws that do not allow sentences without parole or for convicts to remain in prison beyond a given number of years (regardless of their original conviction).
Longest sentences served
Indicates cases where imprisonment is still ongoing
More than 70 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charles Foussard | 1903 | 1974 | 70 years, 303 days | ![]() | Homeless French Australian confined in the J Ward mental asylum in Ararat, Victoria after murdering an elderly man and stealing his boots. Died while still incarcerated at the age of 92, making this the longest served prison sentence in the world with a definite end.[1] |
Francis Clifford Smith | June 7, 1950 | July 8, 2020 | 70 years, 31 days | ![]() | Longest-serving prison inmate in the United States whose sentence ended in release. Sentenced to death for the murder of a nightwatchman during a robbery at a yacht club in July 1949, his sentence was commuted to life in prison in 1954, only two hours before his scheduled execution.[2] Smith was imprisoned in the Osborn Correctional Institution, but was paroled and moved to a nursing home in July 2020.[3][4][5][6] |
60–69 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paul Geidel Jr. | 1911 | 1980 | 68 years, 245 days | ![]() | Sentenced to 20 years to life and incarcerated from 1911, aged 17, for robbery and murder. He was nearing parole for good behavior, but was then found insane in 1926 and transferred to Dannemora State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, where he was confined until 1976. He was finally released in 1980 at 86. He died in a nursing home in 1987, aged 93. |
John Phillips | July 17, 1952 | March 9, 2021 | 68 years, 236 days | ![]() | Convicted for the rape of a five-year-old girl.[7] According to the North Carolina DOC, he was released on March 9, 2021, on parole. His parole ends on March 8, 2026.[8] |
Walter H. Bourque Jr. | December 11, 1955 | ongoing | 68 years, 262 days | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in New Hampshire. Serving a sentence of 99 years and six months for the axe murder of a four-year-old girl when he was 17.[9] |
Joseph Ligon | December 18, 1953 | February 11, 2021 | 67 years, 54 days | ![]() | The oldest juvenile lifer in the US, Ligon at age 15 was sentenced to life without parole for murder, a mandatory sentence at the time.[10] Ligon first rejected a resentencing and parole offer in 2016.[11] Ligon was again resentenced in 2017 and immediately eligible for parole but refused it, pending his appeal. Ligon contends that he should be resentenced to "time served" and released, so he can cut all ties to the justice system. On February 11, 2021, Ligon was released from prison at the age of 83.[10][12] He spoke to the BBC World Service about his life in May 2021.[13] |
Johnson Van Dyke Grigsby | 1908 | 1974 | 66 years, 123 days | ![]() | After killing a man in a bar fight, he was sentenced to life in prison for murder and was denied parole 69 times before he was released at age 89. Returned to prison voluntarily, citing difficulty finding a job, but left again in 1976. Died in 1987, aged 101.[14] |
Sammie Robinson | September 26, 1953 | December 20, 2019 | 66 years, 85 days | ![]() | Spent 66 years in prison in Louisiana, beginning when he was 17 and ending with his death at 83.[15] |
Warren Nutter | February 2, 1956 | December 8, 2021 | 65 years, 10 months, 6 days | ![]() | Youngest man ever sentenced to death in Iowa, when he was 18 years old, for the murder of a patrolman during a gas station robbery.[16] Sentence commuted to life in prison in 1957.[17] He died in the hospice room of the Iowa State Penitentiary in December 2021, aged 84.[18] |
William Heirens | 1946 | 2012 | 65 years, 181 days | ![]() | Known as the "Lipstick Killer". Reputed to be the longest surviving prisoner in Chicago. Died in prison. |
Kenneth Nicely | December 23, 1958 | ongoing | 65 years, 250 days | ![]() | Longest serving inmate in Arkansas. Convicted of killing a police officer.[19] |
Clarence Marshall | 1950 | 2015 | 64 years, 70 days | ![]() | Longest-serving prisoner in Michigan. Sentenced to life in prison on one count of armed robbery and another of unarmed assault "with intent to rob and steal". He was paroled in 2015.[20][21] |
Richard Honeck | 1899 | 1963 | 64 years, 44 days | ![]() | Aged 20, Honeck was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a former school friend. He was paroled after 63 years and one month. He died in 1976, aged 97. |
Howard Christensen | 1937 | 2001 | 64 years | ![]() | Sentenced to life without parole for the murder of a teacher in 1937, when he was 16, along with a 17-year-old accomplice who hanged himself in prison in 1943. His sentence was commuted to 200 years in the mid-1970s. He was paroled in 2001 and died in 2003, aged 82.[22] |
Charles Edret Ford | 1952 | 2016 | 64 years | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Maryland. Ford, a black man, was convicted of murder by an all-white jury in 1952, when he was 19. He was granted retrial in 2015, citing an unconstitutional trial and continued ineffective assistance of counsel who failed to inform him of his right to appeal. He was released to a nursing home.[23] |
Oliver Terpening | 1947 | 2010 | 63 years, 125 days | ![]() | When he was 16, Terpening shot a 14-year-old school friend and the boy's three sisters, aged 16, 12, and 2. Prosecutors theorized that Terpening wanted to rape the oldest and that he killed the others when they surprised him, while Terpening claimed that he only wanted to know how it felt to kill somebody, and that he had found the experience disappointing. Died in prison.[24] |
"Old Bill" Wallace | 1926 | 1989 | 63 years | ![]() | Imprisoned for shooting a man in an argument over a cigarette in a Melbourne cafe. Died a month before his 108th birthday, still in prison, incarcerated in J Ward. Listed in Guinness World Records as the oldest prisoner in world history.[25] |
Hugh Alderman | 1917 | 1980 | 62 years, 192 days | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Florida. Escaped twice in 1919 and 1924. Moved to a mental hospital in 1927, where he died in 1980, aged 86.[26][failed verification] |
Michael Anthony Mayola | November 15, 1962 | ongoing | 61 years, 288 days | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Alabama. Sentenced to life imprisonment for the kidnapping and murder of an 11-year-old boy, and was last denied parole in 2021.[27] |
James R. Moore | December 7, 1963 | April 30, 2024 | 60 years | ![]() | Pled guilty to the rape and murder of a 14-year-old girl to avoid the death penalty and was sentenced to "natural life." Also pleaded confessed to the sexual assault of dozens of other young girls.[28][29] Last parole application rejected in 2019.[30] He was granted parole in May 2022 and was scheduled to be released on or around June 6, 2022.[31] However, as he was unable to provide a suitable residence upon his release, Moore was never paroled. He died in prison in 2024.[32] |
Booker T. Hillery | November 1, 1962[33][failed verification][34][35] | January 16, 2023 | 60 years, 76 days | ![]() | Longest served prisoner in California history. Accused of stabbing and killing fifteen-year-old Marlene Miller with scissors in the small town of Hanford. Originally sentenced to death for murder but changed to life in prison in the 1970s. Appealed, was retried and found guilty again in 1986. Died in prison at the age of 91.[36] |
Howard Unruh | September 6, 1949 | October 19, 2009 | 60 years, 43 days | ![]() | Mass murderer who killed 13 people and injured three in Camden, New Jersey. Recluded in a mental hospital without trial or conviction until he died aged 88. |
Clifford Hampton | 1959 | 2019 | 60 years | ![]() | Longest serving juvenile lifer in Louisiana. Resentenced due to Montgomery v. Louisiana and paroled in April 2019.[37] |
50–59 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raymond L. Shuman | June 13, 1958 | February 3, 2018 | 59 years, 7 months, 20 days | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Nevada. Jailed for the robbery and murder of two men while he and his partner (who was the one that pulled the trigger) were AWOL from the US Navy. Set another prisoner on fire in 1973 due to a dispute about leaving a window open. Died in 2018.[38] |
Robert Brim (AKA Robert Mertz) | 1958 | January 7, 2018 | 59 years, 2 months | ![]() | Killed a pregnant woman and her 3-year-old daughter, and wounded her 4-year-old son, during a shooting spree in South Dakota. Jurors convicted Brim of manslaughter since they did not want him to be executed.[39][40] He died in prison.[41] |
Larry Ranes | October 23, 1964 | November 12, 2023 | 59 years, 20 days | ![]() | Serial killer sentenced to life without parole for the murder of Gary Smock. He was also the brother of fellow serial killer Danny Ranes. He died on November 12, 2023. |
Harvey Stewart | 1951 | 1957 | 59 years | ![]() | Longest-serving prisoner in Texas at the time of his third parole in 2011. He was convicted the first and third time for robbery, and the second time for murder.[42][43][22] |
1958 | 1984 | ||||
1986 | 2011 | ||||
Hans-Georg Neumann | 1963 | 2022 | 59 years | ![]() ![]() | Abducted and shot a young couple at a lovers' lane. Longest serving prisoner in Germany and European Union. On March 17, 2021, the Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe ordered his release on parole at an undisclosed future date, with preparations for reintegration to begin immediately.[44] Neumann was paroled in 2021, and died in 2022.[45] |
Chester Weger | April 4, 1961 | February 21, 2020 | 58 years, 323 days | ![]() | Convicted for the murder of a woman in Starved Rock State Park in 1960. Granted parole November 21, 2019, though he was not released until February 21, 2020.[46] |
Terry Caspersen | September 17, 1964 | May 23, 2023 | 58 years, 248 days | ![]() | Longest-serving inmate in Wisconsin. Sentenced in 1964 for the stabbing of an 18-year-old woman who survived the initial attack but died of her injuries two days later. He was up for parole in July 2021 but was denied.[47][48] Caspersen died in May 2023.[49] |
Jesse Pomeroy | December 1874 | September 29, 1932 | 57 years, 9 months | ![]() | Teenage serial killer nicknamed "The Boy Fiend", who tortured nine younger children and killed two in Boston, Massachusetts. Sentenced to death when he was 15 years old, this was changed to life in solitary confinement after two consecutive governors refused to sign his death warrant. The solitary confinement was lifted in 1917, and he died in 1932, still in prison. |
Henry Montgomery | February 1964 | November 17, 2021 | 57 years, 263 days | ![]() | Shot and killed a police officer in East Baton Rouge, Louisiana at the age of 17. He was sentenced to death but in 1966, the Louisiana Supreme Court annulled the verdict after finding he had not received a fair trial due to public prejudice. In 1969, he was again convicted of murder, which triggered an automatic sentence of life without parole. In 2016, his life sentence was vacated and he was remanded for resentencing. He was denied parole twice but was finally granted parole and released on November 17, 2021.[50][51][52] |
Lester Pearson | 1964 | October 2021 | 57 years | ![]() | Convicted of murder in Louisiana and sentenced to life in prison with chance of parole after 10 years and 6 months due to a guilty plea agreement, however Louisiana banned parole for all defendants who plead guilty to serious crimes before 1973 due to changes in state laws which prevented him from getting a chance of parole until he was resentenced and released in October 2021.[53][54][55][56] |
Wyman Hall | 1897 | 1954 | 57 years | ![]() | Hall was jailed in 1897 for the murder of a constable. He was paroled in 1954 at the age of 81 and was, at the time, the longest serving inmate in Illinois as well as the oldest.[57] |
James Earl Hinton | January 26, 1967 | ongoing | 57 years, 216 days | ![]() | Hinton is serving life without parole for the 1966 stabbing death of Pickens County, Alabama cab driver Zach Rufus Collins. Initially, Hinton was sentenced to death, but the Alabama Supreme Court ordered a new trial.[58] |
Mehmet VI | 1861 | 1918 | 56 years | ![]() | Kept in the Seraglio and the Kafes from his birth to his accession to the throne, aged 56. He was both the last Ottoman prince to be ritually imprisoned by his family and the one who was imprisoned for the longest time. |
Joe Carr | 1941 | 1997 | 56 years | ![]() | Longest-serving prisoner in Kansas. Convicted of murder for strangling a newborn and tossing his body in the Arkansas river. Carr refused to apply for parole until he was released, aged 79.[59] |
Sheldry Topp | 1963 | February 2019 | 56 years | ![]() | Oldest juvenile lifer in Michigan. He was originally sentenced to life without parole for a murder he committed at age 17 in 1962 but his sentence was later lowered to 40 to 60 years due to Montgomery v. Louisiana because of his age at the time of the crime. He was also given 10 years' worth of good behavior credits which allowed him to be released in February 2019 without having to go through a parole hearing.[60][61] |
George Yutaka Shimabuku | 1964 | 2020 | 56 years | ![]() | Shimabuku was convicted of three killings, including one in prison. He was transferred to Arizona from Hawaii and died in December 2020 due to complications from COVID-19.[62] |
Michael Herrington | July 8, 1967 | ongoing | 57 years, 52 days | ![]() | Second longest-serving inmate in Wisconsin. Sentenced in 1967 for two counts of first-degree murder and one count of attempted first-degree murder.[47][63] |
Edward Albert Seibold | September 20, 1967 | ongoing | 56 years, 344 days | ![]() | Seibold is serving multiple life sentences for the slayings of three girls and the injury of a mother in Lee County, Alabama in 1967.[58] |
Robert Mone | January 23, 1968 | ongoing | 56 years, 219 days | ![]() | In 1967 he shot a teacher at his old school, and in 1976 he and another man escaped from the State Hospital, Carstairs, killing three people in the process.[64] |
Emmett James Paramore | 1968 | ongoing | 56 years, 140 days | ![]() | As part of a group who attempted to steal goods from a delivery van, he shot and killed a bakery truck salesman.[65][66] |
Thomas Fuller | 1968 | ongoing | 56 years, 123 days | ![]() | Shot and killed five children in Coles County, Illinois.[67][68] |
William Holly Griffith | 1915 | 1971 | 55 years, 359 days | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in West Virginia, known as "the bestial killer" and the "leading bad man" in the state. Sentenced to life for murdering the police chief[69] who was going to arrest him and a constable[70] during his escape to Ohio, where he was arrested. Tried to flee prison several times, the last one when he was already suffering from cancer. Died in prison.[citation needed] |
Antonio "Tony" Wheat | November 1, 1965 | November 11, 2020 | 55 years, 10 days | ![]() | The longest serving prisoner in Washington state, a U.S. Air Force airman originally sentenced to death for the murders of three gas station attendants during an armed robbery spree with another colleague. His sentence was stayed four days before his scheduled execution on July 11, 1969, then changed to three life sentences after a retrial in 1971. Paroled.[71] |
Diego de Castilla | 1379 | 1434 | 55 years | ![]() | Illegitimate son of King Peter I of Castile, imprisoned in Curiel Castle by his uncle Henry II when he was 14 years old, and released by his uncle's great-grandson, John II. Died in 1440.[72] |
András Toma | 1945 | 2000 | 55 years | ![]() ![]() | Believed to be the last POW of World War II. Toma, a Hungarian soldier, was captured in southern Poland in 1945 and later interned in a mental hospital of rural Kotelnich, in Russia. His documents were lost, and he was listed as KIA by the Hungarian Army. He was returned to Hungary after a Czech linguist realized that he spoke an eastern dialect of the Hungarian language. Died in 2004, aged 79. |
John Straffen | 1952 | 2007 | 55 years | ![]() | Multiple child killer. Sentenced to death for his third murder, which took place after he escaped from a mental hospital; the sentence was commuted to life in prison. Longest-serving prisoner in the United Kingdom at the time of his death. |
Frank Edward Wetzel[73] | 1957 | 2012 | 55 years | ![]() | Sentenced to two life sentences for the murders of two highway patrolmen when he was driving to Mississippi to break his brother out of death row. His brother was executed two months later. Wetzel maintained his innocence[74] and died of Alzheimer's disease when he was 90 years old, still in prison.[75] |
Allen Smith | c. December 1953 | September 7, 2009 | c. 55 years | ![]() | A former reform schooler who shot an elderly couple during a robbery north of Newberry, Michigan some days before his 17th birthday. His sentence was commuted for medical reasons in August 2009, only 12 days before his death. He died before he could be released.[24] |
Clarence Shepherd | 1965 | 2020 | 55 years | ![]() | Shepherd was serving life without parole for separate murders, including the 1965 stabbing and strangulation of a Birmingham woman. He died in prison at the age of 80 due to Covid-19.[58][76] |
John Mikulovsky | June 15, 1968 | ongoing | 56 years, 75 days | ![]() | Murdered his parents in December 1967.[47][77] |
John David Smith | July 12, 1968 | ongoing | 56 years, 48 days | ![]() | Convicted of the murder of William Straight [78] |
Clyde Johnson | 1969 | ongoing | 55 years, 197 days | ![]() | Fatally shot a man at a party after a night of drinking in 1968. At a commutation hearing in 2021, Johnson alleged that the victim man had called him a racial slur and reached for a gun.[79] |
Sirhan Sirhan | 1969 | ongoing | 55 years, 134 days | ![]() | Palestinian with Jordanian citizenship who assassinated Robert F. Kennedy. Originally sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted in 1971 to life in prison. Parole has been denied 15 times. On August 27, 2021, Sirhan was recommended parole by a California parole board. Prosecutors declined to participate or to oppose his release under a policy by Los Angeles County District Attorney George Gascón.[80] On January 13, 2022, California governor Gavin Newsom reversed the decision, stating that Sirhan had "not developed the accountability and insight required to support his safe release" and refused to accept responsibility for his crime.[81] |
Earl Perry | June 11, 1943 | March 23, 1998 | 54 years, 9 months, and 12 days | ![]() | Convicted of the April 1943 rape and strangulation of Theresa "Chi-Chi" Williams, age 4. Perry, who was 17 when he committed the murder, was sentenced to life in prison on June 11, 1943.[82] He was denied parole in 1958,[83] 1963,[84] 1968[85] and 1974.[86] Died in prison on March 23, 1998.[87][better source needed] |
Garold Rheinschmidt | 1960 | May 1, 2015 | 54 years, 8 months, 12 days | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Wisconsin at the time of his death.[88] |
Verdell Miles | April 27, 1967 | December 14, 2021 | 54 years, 231 days | ![]() | Inmate in Wisconsin who was sentenced in 1967. Paroled on December 14, 2021.[47][89] |
Richard Robles | December 1, 1965 | May 21, 2020 | 54 years, 5 months, 21 days | ![]() | Perpetrator of the Career Girls Murders. He was paroled in May 2020 as per the New York Department of Corrections.[90] |
Tony Rawlins | December 28, 1955 | April 17, 2010 | 54 years, 3 months, 20 days | ![]() | Convicted of the "Kissing Point mutilation murder", strangling a 12-year-old girl who rejected his advances. Was Australia's longest serving prisoner when he died, with 18 parole applications being rejected.[91] |
Willie Gaines Smith | 1960 | 2014 | 54 years, 105 days | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Kentucky. Rejected parole because no nursing home accepted him and he would receive better medical care in prison but was released on medical parole in 2014. Died at the age of 76 in December 2014.[92] |
Louis Mitchell | 1967 | October 5, 2021 | 54 years | ![]() | Imprisoned for raping a white woman, a crime which Mitchell said he did not do and has always maintained his innocence about. Sentenced to life in prison and resentenced and released on October 5, 2021[93][94] |
Machal Lalung | 1951 | 2005 | 54 years | ![]() | Originally arrested for "causing grievous harm," Lalung was interned in a psychiatric hospital until he was declared "fully fit" in 1967. However, he was mistakenly transferred to prison rather than released, and forgotten about until 2005. He was released without ever being tried or convicted, aged 77.[95] |
Robert Stroud | 1909 | 1963 | 54 years | ![]() | Known as "the Birdman of Alcatraz" for the research on bird diseases that he conducted alone in his cell, although he actually did it at Leavenworth Penitentiary before he was moved to the federal prison in Alcatraz Island. |
Jerry Lee Hansen | May 20, 1965 | May 11, 2019 | 53 years, 11 months, 21 days | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Nebraska. Jailed for the murder of his parents in law and the attempted murder of his then wife. Disarmed a corrections officer and shot his ex-wife a second time in 1973, paralyzing her for which he received two 20 years to life sentences, he had been eligible for parole since 1977 and had been turned down, time after time. Committed suicide at the age of 82 while in the Tecumseh State Correctional Institution.[96][97][98] |
Michael Wilber Wade | October 28, 1966 | September 2, 2020 | 53 years, 10 months, 5 days | ![]() | When he was 19, he killed a 16-year-old girl he had met that day. The death penalty was a common sentence for murder in Florida at the time, but the jury spared him.[99] Died in prison.[100][101] |
George Nassar | June 26, 1965 | December 3, 2018 | 53 years, 5 months, 7 days | ![]() | Convicted of two murders, he was originally sentenced to death in 1965, but in 1966 his sentence was struck down and replaced with life imprisonment. Also known for being the person to whom Albert DeSalvo allegedly confessed to being the Boston Strangler in late 1965. |
Edward Arthur Webb | October 22, 1963 | January 19, 2017 | 53 years, 89 days | ![]() | Beat a woman to death with an axe, he died in prison.[102] |
Harry Hebard | October 4, 1968 | December 24, 2021 | 53 years, 81 days | ![]() | Murdered five of his relatives, including three children, in 1963.[103] Died in prison. |
Giulio d'Este | 1506 | 1559 | 53 years | ![]() | Illegitimate son of Ercole I d'Este, duke of Ferrara. Organized a failed plot aimed at eliminating his half-brothers duke Alfonso I d'Este and cardinal Ippolito d'Este. Sentenced to death, his penalty was commuted to life imprisonment. Freed by his grandnephew Alfonso II d'Este in 1559 at the age of 81. |
Norman Santiago | 1969 | ongoing | 53 years | ![]() | Serving life without parole for the murder of a police officer in Hawaii.[104][105] |
Bobby Beausoleil | April 18, 1970 | ongoing | 54 years, 133 days | ![]() | Member of the Manson Family originally sentenced to death for the murder of Manson's former associate Gary Hinman in 1969. The Family perpetrated the 10050 Cielo Drive and Tate-LaBianca murders in a failed attempt to make police believe that Beausoleil was wrongfully accused. He was recommended for parole in January 2019, but was denied by the Governor of California. |
John Norman Collins | August 19, 1970 | ongoing | 54 years, 10 days | ![]() | Suspected serial abductor, rapist, and murderer of seven women in the Ann Arbor-Ypsilanti area during the late 1960s, though only convicted of one murder. |
Patricia Krenwinkel | April 28, 1971 | ongoing | 53 years, 123 days | ![]() | Member of Manson family; longest serving female prisoner in US penal history. |
Peter Woodcock | 1957 | 2010 | 52 years, 328 days | ![]() | Declared not guilty by reason of insanity and recluded in a mental hospital for the murder of three young children. Murdered a fellow patient in 1991. Died in 2010, still interned. |
Alfred "Alf" Vincent | 1968 | February 18, 2021 | 52 years | ![]() | Man held in preventive prison for the longest time in the world: sentence was imposed for assaulting five boys. Suspected of having molested between 200 and 500 children.[106] He was held in Rimutaka Prison's high dependency unit due to suffering from dementia and a heart condition.[107] He was released in February 2021.[108] |
Jerry Lee Duffey | September 1970 | ongoing | 52 years | ![]() | Originally sentenced to 1,000 years in prison for robbing and raping a pregnant woman.[109][110] His sentence was reduced to two life terms on appeal.[111] |
Arthur Norman Duncan | June 3, 1970 | August 13, 2024 | 54 years, 68 days | ![]() | Convicted of murder and rape in England when he was 18 in 1970, before later being transferred to Scotland. Died in prison at the age of 72.[112] |
Daniel Wheeler | March 1971 | ongoing | 52 years | ![]() | Sentenced to life without parole for murdering his 16-year-old pregnant ex girlfriend in 1970 when he was 17.[113][114] |
William MacDonald | May 1963 | May 12, 2015 | 52 years | ![]() | English-born serial killer known as "the Sydney Mutilator." Oldest and longest serving prisoner in New South Wales at the time of his death. |
Jimmy Ennis | November 9, 1964 | 2016 | 52 years | ![]() | Longest held prisoner in Ireland. Sentenced to life in prison for fatally bludgeoning a farmer in County Cork following a dispute. He had just finished a prison term for attacking a woman with a hatchet.[115] He refused to apply for release until he was freed in 2016, aged 87.[116] |
James Albert Findley | February 1971 | ongoing | 52 years | ![]() | Convicted in 1971 of the murder of a 16 year old, Findley was originally sentenced to death. In 1972, his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment when the US Supreme Court invalidated the death penalty. He is eligible for parole, with his next hearing in June 2028.[117][118][119] |
Winston Moseley | July 7, 1964 | March 28, 2016 | 51 years, 291 days | ![]() | Murderer of Kitty Genovese. Died in prison.[120] |
Tex Watson | October 21, 1971 | ongoing | 52 years, 313 days | ![]() | Second in command of the Manson Family and leader in the Cielo Drive and Tate-LaBianca murders. |
William Jones | October 28, 1971 | ongoing | 52 years, 306 days | ![]() | Convicted of first degree murder in Hempstead County, Arkansas.[121] |
Carlos Eduardo Robledo Puch | 1972 | ongoing | 52 years, 207 days | ![]() | Serial killer. Longest serving prisoner in South America. |
Bruce M. Davis | April 21, 1972 | ongoing | 52 years, 130 days | ![]() | Member of the Manson Family involved in the murders of Hinman and Donald Shea. He was recommended for parole in 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2017; every time the sitting Governor ordered a review or reversed the decision. |
Julia Belle Rollins | August 02, 1972 | ongoing | 52 years, 27 days | ![]() | Convicted of murder for shooting a 24-year-old woman in a bar.[122] |
Ian Brady | 1966 | 2017 | 51 years, 10 days | ![]() | Perpetrator of the Moors murders together with his girlfriend, Myra Hindley, who died in prison in 2002. Longest serving prisoner in the United Kingdom at the time of his death. |
Walter B. Kelbach | 1967 | 2018 | 51 years | ![]() | Spree killer who murdered five people and raped two women in Utah in December 1966 with his cousin Myron Lance. Kelbach died in August 2018 of natural causes.[123] |
Alfred Tai | 1963 | 2014 | 51 years | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Hawaii. Paroled at the age of 72.[124] |
Theo H. | 1960 | 2011 | 51 years | ![]() | Involuntarily committed when he was 17 after a sex offense in which the victim was a minor. He relapsed twice while on leave, in 1967 and in 1985. Died in 2018.[125] |
Sam Glass | 1967 | 2018 | 51 years | ![]() | He was ordered to be detained indefinitely in 1967 after he indecently assaulted, stabbed and strangled a five-year-old girl.[126] |
David Brault | 1969 | July 13, 2020 | 51 years | ![]() | Was convicted in 1969 of the shooting deaths of two men, as well as two sexual assaults and several other offences.[127] |
Willie Ingram | 1970 | 2021 | 51 years | ![]() | Convicted of armed robbery and aggravated rape in 1970, he spent 51 years in prison in Louisiana, before being released in 2021.[128] |
Carl Macedonio | June 12, 1972 | April 25, 2023 | 50 years, 10 months, 13 days | ![]() | Raped and murdered an 18 year old woman in New York in 1971. He was sentenced in 1972 to 33 years to life, and was paroled in April 2023.[129] |
Edmund Kemper | November 8, 1973 | ongoing | 50 years, 295 days | ![]() | Serial killer convicted of murdering eight women, including his mother. He was previously institutionalized as a juvenile for murdering his grandparents. |
John Weber | 1926 | 1976 | 50 years | ![]() | Originally an immigrant from Austria-Hungary, Weber was sentenced to life in prison without parole for the fatal shooting of his 18-month old daughter, which he served in Columbus' Ohio Penitentiary. In 1972, Governor John J. Gilligan commuted his sentence to murder in the second degree. This made him eligible for parole, but he never benefited from it. Was the oldest prisoner in the United States at the time of his death, only a few months from his 100th birthday.[130][131] |
Hugo Pinell | 1965 | August 12, 2015[132] | 50 years | ![]() | Nicaraguan national sentenced to life in prison for rape. See below.August 12, 2015 |
John Franzese | March 1967 | June 23, 2017 | 50 years | ![]() | Italian-American mobster of the Colombo crime family who was sentenced to 50 years in prison for masterminding several bank robberies. He broke parole and was returned to jail six times, the last time when he was 92 years old.[133] At the time of his release at the age of 100, he was the oldest federal prisoner in the United States and the only centenarian ever. |
Bobby Gene Griffin | May 27, 1968 | June 6, 2018 | 50 years | ![]() | Juvenile lifer in the state of Michigan who at the age of 16 along with three other male teens forced their way into Minnie Peapples’ Benton Harbor home seeking money. Griffin beat, stabbed and sexually assaulted Peapples, who bled to death after the teens fled for which Griffin was sentenced to life without parole until he was resentenced on July 10, 2017, to 40 to 60 years and he was paroled on June 6, 2018.[134] |
James Ferguson | 1969 | 2019 | 50 years | ![]() | Serial child rapist who was detained in Carstairs State Hospital for fifty years.[135] |
Wayne Coleman | January 24, 1974 | ongoing | 50 years, 218 days | ![]() | Sentenced to several terms of life without parole for his role in The Alday Murders.[136][137][138][139] |
Gloria Williams | 1971 | January 25, 2022 | 50 years | ![]() | Williams and several others robbed a grocery store with a toy gun and, after a struggle with the store owner, who was armed, someone in her group shot the owner with his own gun.[140] Williams was paroled in January 2022.[141] |
40–49 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
George Williams | July 1970 | June 24, 2020 | 49 years, 11 months | ![]() | Arrested and charged with murder when he was 20 years old, never saw trial because he was found mentally unfit to plead. Released after all charges were dropped.[142][143] |
Albert Pedersen | November 15, 1971 | September 9, 2021 | 49 years, 9 months | ![]() | Convicted of murdering a young mother and her in-laws in Staten Island, New York. He died at Mohawk Correctional Center on September 9, 2021. Parole was repeatedly denied, most recently in 2020.[144][145][146][147] |
Robert Cook | 1971 | November 2, 2020 | 49 years, 226 days | ![]() | Sentenced to life without parole for the December 29, 1969, murder of 24-year old Lloyd Tanner in Pontiac, Michigan which he committed at the age of 17. In 1971 Cook was found guilty of murder despite insisting repeatedly that he killed Lloyd in self-defense. Resentenced on October 30, 2020, to 40 to 60 years in prison and paroled on November 2.[148][149] |
Heinrich Pommerenke | June 10, 1959 | December 27, 2008 | 49 years, six months, 17 days | ![]() | Serial killer known as "the Monster of the Black Forest." Was Germany's longest serving prisoner when he died. |
Søren Mathiasen | 1876 | 1925 | 49 years, 180 days | ![]() | Farmer sentenced to life of hard labor in Horsens State Prison for killing the moneylender he was indebted to. Paroled. |
John Sam Hall | 1967 | February 2, 2016 | 49 years | ![]() | Juvenile lifer in the state of Michigan who at the age of 17 robbed and murdered a 73-year-old man for which he was sentenced to life without parole, However, due to Miller v. Alabama in 2012 and then Montgomery v. Louisiana in 2016. he was resentenced to 25 to 60 years and released in 2016.[150][151][152] |
Betty Smithey | 1963 | 2012 | 49 years | ![]() | Longest serving female prisoner in the United States at the time of her parole. She was originally sentenced to life without parole for a murder in Arizona.[42] |
"Crazy Jimmie" Williams | 1948 | 1998 | 49 years | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Arizona at the time of his death, aged 66.[153] |
Dennis Michael Creamer | 1968 | 2017 | 49 years | ![]() | Juvenile lifer in the state of Florida who at the age of 17 in 1968 shot a man in the head as he slept in his car.[154] He was re-sentenced to 56 years and, as he had served 49 years and had time taken off for good behaviour, was released immediately. |
Herbert Mullin | August 19, 1973 | August 18, 2022 | 48 years, 11 months, 30 days | ![]() | Serial killer who claimed to have murdered 13 people as human sacrifices to prevent earthquakes in California. Died in hospital of natural causes.[155] |
Albert Paul | March 20, 1972 | March 15, 2021 | 48 years, 11 months, 23 days | ![]() | Sentenced to life for murder and Maine's longest serving prisoner.[156][157] Paul died in March 2021.[158] |
Melvin Thomas Mott | March 5, 1965 | February 19, 2014 | 48 years, 11 months, 14 days | ![]() | Originally sentenced to two and a half years for child sex offences and escaping from custody, he was convicted of the 1964 murder of a 13-year-old girl in 1968 and sentenced to life imprisonment. Longest serving prisoner in Queensland when he died, having had 14 parole applications rejected.[159] |
John Joseph Kenny | June 18, 1974 | ongoing | 50 years, 72 days | ![]() | Bludgeoned an elderly woman with a candlestick during a break-in, when he was 19 years old. He has been allowed outside prison several times and returned every single one after breaching the terms of his release.[160] |
Elmer Wayne Henley | July 16, 1974 | ongoing | 50 years, 44 days | ![]() | Accomplice of serial killer Dean Corll in the Houston Mass Murders, found guilty of committing seven of them. The crimes were discovered when Henley shot Corll in self defence. |
Earl David Inge | April 1975 | ongoing | 49 years, 150 days | ![]() | Inge had tried to break into a home but was chased off, one of the occupants identifying him as the would be burglar. Two weeks later he returned to the house and shot through a window, killing a man.[161][162] Inge was up for parole in 2020 but was denied.[163][161][164][165] He was last denied parole in 2023.[166] |
John McHugh | May 1975 | ongoing | 49 years, 120 days | ![]() | Jailed for the violent murder of a waiter.[167] |
Danny Arthur Ranes | September 8, 1973 | January 29, 2022 | 48 years, 143 days | ![]() | Serial killer serving life without parole for the murders of four women. He is also the brother of fellow serial killer Larry Ranes.[168] Danny Ranes died in January 2022.[169] |
Staf Van Eyken | 1974 | ongoing | 48 years | ![]() | Convicted for 3 murders.[170][171] |
Paul Coy Craft | December 2, 1975 | May 30, 2024 | 48 years, 180 days | ![]() | [172] |
Harvey Carignan | 1975 | March 2023 | 48 years | ![]() | American serial killer who committed crimes in three different states. He was captured in 1974 and sentenced in 1975, remaining in prison until his death in 2023, aged 95. |
Charles Dennis Easly | April 8, 1975 | June 25, 2023 | 48 years, 78 days | ![]() | Convicted of the murder of two girls in Grayson County, Texas in September 1969 and April 1970.[173][174] |
Joe Remiro | June 27, 1975 | ongoing | 49 years, 63 days | ![]() | Last remaining incarcerated member of the Symbionese Liberation Army, serving a life sentence for one murder. |
Harry Roberts | November 15, 1966 | November 11, 2014 | 47 years, 361 days | ![]() | Convicted of the murder of three policemen in Shepherd's Bush, London. Evaded police for 96 days before being arrested. |
Patrick David Mackay | November 1975 | ongoing | 48 years, 302 days | ![]() | British serial killer who confessed to murdering 11 people in London and Kent in England, from 1974 to 1975. Mackay is currently considered for release after reportedly spending time in an open prison. However, in June 2020, the hearing of the Parole Board was postponed amidst a fresh investigation into Mackay's involvement in unsolved murders.[citation needed] |
Richard Palumbo | October 25, 1972 | April 19, 2020 | 47 years, 177 days | ![]() | Convicted of a June 26, 1971, First Degree murder, Unarmed Robbery and Breaking & Entering a Building With Intent. Died in prison on April 19, 2020, at age 71.[175][176][177] |
William Pierce Jr. | February 1973 | May 2020 | 47 years, 120 days | ![]() | Robber turned serial killer who murdered nine people in South Carolina after being paroled in 1970. He died in prison in May 2020.[178] |
James Ryan O'Neill | 1975 | ongoing | 47 years | ![]() | Australian convicted murderer and suspected serial killer, currently serving a life sentence in Tasmania for a murder he committed in February 1975. Allegations have been made that O'Neill also murdered a number of other children in several Australian states from the mid-1960s whilst he was still a teenager through to the murder that he was imprisoned for in 1975. He is currently Tasmania's longest-serving prisoner for a single offence. |
Sundiata Acoli | 1974 | May 25, 2022 | 47 years | ![]() | Former Black Panther Party finance minister and Black Liberation Army member sentenced to life plus 30 years for the murder of a State Trooper during a shootout at the New Jersey Turnpike. He was accompanied by Zayd Shakur, who was killed in the shooting, and Assata Shakur who was also imprisoned for the murder but escaped in 1979 and was granted political asylum in Cuba. He was granted parole in May 2022.[179] |
David Bennett | 1974 | March 16, 2021 | 47 years | ![]() | Juvenile lifer in Michigan who at age 17 stabbed a woman to death in 1972. He was convicted of first degree murder and was sentenced to life without parole.[180] However on March 8, 2021, he was resentenced to 40 to 110 years and was released eight days later.[181][182] |
Edward Schwartz | November 2, 1973 | October 8, 2020 | 46 years, 341 days | ![]() | Sentenced to life in prison for aggravated assault, non-capital murder, overcoming resistance, possessing a weapon or imitation, and public mischief and robbery.[183][184] |
Bobby Sneed | April 24, 1975 | January 7, 2022 | 46 years, 258 days | ![]() | Sentenced to life in prison for his role as a lookout in the June 13, 1974, robbery and murder of Curtis E. Jones. Jones was released from prison.[185][186][187][188] |
John Shaw | September 26, 1976 | ongoing | 47 years, 338 days | ![]() | English national who, aged 29, abducted, raped, tortured and murdered two Irish women, Elizabeth Plunkett (22) in Wicklow and Mary Duffy (24) in Mayo. His accomplice Geoffrey Evans was imprisoned from 1976 until his death in 2012.[189][190] |
Charles Manson | April 22, 1971 | November 19, 2017 | 46 years, 6 months, 27 days | ![]() | Leader of the Manson Family. |
Pietro Acciarito | May 29, 1897[191] | December 4, 1943[191] | 46 years, 6 months, 5 days | ![]() | Attempted assassin of Umberto I of Italy. Sentence spent entirely in solitary confinement. |
Ernest DesRoches | June 14, 1974 | November 13, 2020 | 46 years, 4 months, 29 days | ![]() | Was convicted of the murders of his neighbours in 1974.[192] He received additional sentences over the years, including for taking a pair of correctional officers hostage.[193] He was denied parole in 2011 and 2013[194] and he died on November 13, 2020, after a short illness.[195] |
William H Matthews | February 4, 1977 | ongoing | 47 years, 207 days | ![]() | Convicted in New Jersey of raping and murdering a 20-year-old college student a month before she was due to be married.[196] |
Rudolf Hess | May 10, 1941 | August 17, 1987 | 46 years, 3 months, 7 days | ![]() ![]() | Deputy Führer of Nazi Germany who flew solo to Scotland to negotiate a peace treaty but was instead taken prisoner. He was later tried for "crimes against peace" and sentenced to life in prison, which he served in Spandau. Committed suicide at the age of 93. He was the last prisoner of Spandau prison, and after his suicide, it was demolished and rebuilt as a shopping centre for British forces. |
Juan Corona | January 18, 1973 | March 4, 2019 | 46 years, 1 month, 14 days | ![]() | Mexican serial killer nicknamed "the Machete Murderer", who killed 25 itinerant workers and buried them in fruit orchards of northern California. Died in prison. |
Richard Tobias Delage | April 18, 1977 | ongoing | 47 years, 133 days | ![]() | Convicted of the murders of two university students committed in 1960 and 1969, respectively, he remains a suspect in a similar double murder in Pennsylvania for which he was never charged.[197] |
Joanna I of Castile | 1509 | 1555 | 46 years | ![]() ![]() | Recluded in a nunnery of Tordesillas until her death, following orders of her father Ferdinand II of Aragon. |
Walerian Łukasiński | 1822 | 1868 | 46 years | ![]() ![]() | Polish military officer suspected of harboring anti-Russian sentiments, kept in prison even after completing his original sentence of 14 years. Sentence spent entirely in solitary confinement |
Leotha Brown | 1964 | 2010 | 46 years | ![]() | Longest serving prisoner in Louisiana who served a life sentence for murder.[198][199] He died in 2010.[200] |
John Black | December 4, 1925 | October 6, 1971 | 45 years, 10 months | ![]() | Convicted of murder in Leavenworth, Kansas in 1925, he was paroled in 1971 aged 77.[201] |
Richard Phillips | 1973 | 2018 | 45 years, 7 months | ![]() | Sentenced to life without parole for a fatal shooting in Detroit in 1971. The case was "based almost entirely" on false testimony by one witness. Exonerated due to the intervention of the University of Michigan's Innocence Clinic and awarded $1.5 million by the state in 2019.[202] |
Iwao Hakamada | September 11, 1968 | March 27, 2014 | 45 years, 197 days | ![]() | Spent entirely in death row. See below. |
Brent Eugene Koster | July 21, 1975 | January 21, 2021 | 45 years, 184 days | ![]() | Michigan serial killer.[203] He was granted parole in 2020 and was released on January 21, 2021.[204][205] |
Ronald DeFeo Jr. | November 21, 1975 | March 12, 2021 | 45 years, 111 days | ![]() | Perpetrator of the Amityville family murders. |
Amy Archer-Gilligan | 1917 | 1962 | 45 years | ![]() | Nursing home proprietor who poisoned her two husbands and a number of her tenants to cash on their life insurance. Originally sentenced to death, the sentence was changed to life in prison after a retrial in 1919. Served her sentence in a mental hospital from 1924 to her death. |
Clarence Carnes | 1943 | 1988 | 45 years | ![]() | Originally sentenced to life in prison for murder when he was 16 years old, he was sent to Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in 1945 after two unsuccessful escape attempts. He took part in the "Battle of Alcatraz" the following year, but was recaptured and was sentenced to a further 203 years in prison. He was granted parole in 1973, but it was revoked twice before he died in prison from AIDS-related complications. |
Albert Woodfox | 1971 | 2016 | 45 years | ![]() | Black Panther imprisoned for robbery and later put in solitary confinement for the murder of a prison guard in 1972. See below. |
Kamal Thabet Abdul Majid | 1973 | 2018 | 45 years | ![]() | Sentenced to 60 years for the murders of his uncle and grandfather, and of his father's murderer (whom he met in prison) when he was 20 years old. Pardoned.[206] |
David Owen Brooks | 1975 | May 28, 2020 | 45 years | ![]() | Second accomplice of Dean Corll. Died in prison; his last parole was denied in 2015.[207] |
Warren Harris | October 1977 | 2024 | 46 years | ![]() | Serial killer who, as a teenager, fatally stabbed four people, three of whom were gay men, in New Orleans' French Quarter from February to April 1977. Convicted for three of the murders, he was given three consecutive life terms without parole. Harris was resentenced to life with parole in 2021 and was granted parole on April 17, 2024. As per his parole conditions, Harris will remain under supervision for the rest of his life.[208] |
Leonard Peltier | 1977 | ongoing | 45 years | ![]() | American Indian Movement activist; convicted of killing two Federal agents in 1975. Escaped & recaptured in 1979. Last denied clemency in 2017, and scheduled for release no earlier than 2035. |
Terrance Alden | 1977 | September 2, 2022 | 45 years | ![]() | Known as the "Bionic Bandit", convicted in 1977 of five bank robberies in the Saint Louis, Missouri area after having escaped from Trenton State Prison while serving a murder conviction.[209] Released on September 9, 2022. |
Wilbert Jones | February 6, 1973 | November 15, 2017 | 44 years, 9 months, 9 days | ![]() | Sentenced to life for sexual assault, case later reviewed and he was exonerated in 2018.[210] |
Dennis Whitney | 1960 | April 24, 2005 | 44 years, 9 months | ![]() | Embarked on a cross country killing spree between February and March 1960, resulting in seven deaths.[211] |
Otis Johnson | 1970 | August 2014 | 44 years, 8 months | ![]() | Member of the Fruit of Islam, the paramilitary wing of the Nation of Islam, sentenced to 44 years in prison for the attempted murder of a police officer when he was 25, and 8 months for a shoplifting charge when he was 17.[212][213][214] |
Magdelaine Chapelain | 1679 | 1724 | 44 years, six months | ![]() | Parisian fortune-teller involved in the Affair of the Poisons. Died in prison. |
Kim Sŏn-myŏng | 1951 | 1995 | 44 years | ![]() | Longest held of the "unconverted long-term prisoners," North Korean POWs captured during the Korean War who refused to renounce Juche. Kim Sŏn-myŏng was born in the south but joined the north, and was sentenced to death. The sentence was later commuted to life in prison; his family denounced him and had him declared dead in 1975. Released to North Korea. |
Thomas Hagan | 1966 | March 19, 2010 | 44 years | ![]() | Assassin of Malcolm X. Since 1988 he was on a work release program under minimum security. Paroled. |
Sharon Wiggins | 1969 | 2013 | 44 years | ![]() | Longest juvenile female serving life without parole. Sentenced to death for a fatal bank robbery when she was 17 years old, commuted to life in prison without parole in 1972. |
William Garrison | 1976 | 2020 | 44 years | ![]() | Was jailed for life at the age of 16 for the murder of a 50-year-old man during a home invasion. Died from COVID-19 just 24 days before he was likely to be released.[215] |
Ronnie Long | 1976 | 2020 | 44 years | ![]() | Was wrongly convicted by an all-white jury of the rape of a white woman when he, an African-American man, was 20. He was exonerated in 2020.[216] |
Anthony Blanks | 1978 | 2022 | 44 years | ![]() | Blanks killed a police officer in New York in 1976. He was convicted in 1978 and was granted parole in 2022.[217] |
John J. Palm | 1937 | 1981 | 44 years | ![]() | Convicted of killing a deputy sheriff in 1937 and was originally sentenced to death, but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment by Connecticut Governor Wilbur L. Cross.[218] |
Freddy Horion | 1979 | ongoing | 45 years, 64 days | ![]() | Convicted for 6 murders.[219][220] |
Longest spells in solitary confinement
The sentence duration refers to the time spent in solitary confinement, regardless of time spent in normal prison before or after. Death row prisoners, who are usually also held in isolation, are not included.
More than 40 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pietro Acciarito | May 29, 1897 | December 4, 1943 | 46 years, six months, 5 days | ![]() | See above. |
Walerian Łukasiński | 1822 | 1868 | 46 years | ![]() ![]() | See above. |
Hugo Pinell | 1969 | 2015 | 46 years | ![]() | Murdered by another inmate two weeks after his solitary confinement was lifted. |
Albert Woodfox | 1972 | 2016 | 44 years | ![]() | Placed in solitary confinement for the murder of a corrections officer. Released in 2016. |
Robert Stroud | 1916 | 1959 | 42 years | ![]() | Imposed for murdering a prison guard at USP Leavenworth. |
Mark David Chapman | August 24, 1981 | ongoing | 43 years, 5 days | ![]() | Placed in solitary confinement after pleading guilty to murdering John Lennon on December 8, 1980. |
Robert Maudsley | 1983 | ongoing | 40–41 years | ![]() | Serial killer imprisoned in 1977. Placed in a specially-built solitary cell after killing three other prisoners. |
Jesse Pomeroy | 1875 | 1917 | 41 years | ![]() | See above. |
Woo Yong-gak | 1958 | 1999 | 41 years | ![]() | Captured during a North Korean commando raid after the armistice. Released to North Korea in 2000. |
Herman Wallace | 1972 | 2013 | 41 years | ![]() | Placed in solitary confinement for the murder of the same corrections officer as Woodfox. Released in 2013, when he had advanced liver cancer, but re-indicted two days later. Died the next day before he could be arrested. |
30–39 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thomas Silverstein | October 22, 1983 | May 11, 2019 | 35 years, 201 days | ![]() | Called "America's most isolated man." Placed in solitary confinement for the murder of two inmates and a guard during a prison riot. Died on May 11, 2019 |
Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova | 1768 | 1801 | 33 years | ![]() | Countess convicted of killing 38 female serfs by beating and torturing them to death. Imprisoned at Ivanovsky Convent in Moscow; for the first 11 years, she was chained in a basement dungeon without a window and only given a candle during meals.[citation needed] |
20–29 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Man in the Iron Mask | 1669? | 1675 | c. 29 years | ![]() | A mysterious prisoner kept in a solitary cell with double doors (to mute conversations) and forced to wear a black velvet mask at all times, following direct orders of Louis XIV. Much debate exists about the identity of the prisoner (variously called Marchioly or Eustache Dauger) and the reason of his confinement. After his death, myths arose claiming that the prisoner wore a full-headed iron mask, rather than velvet, and that two Musketeers of the Guard were posted with orders to shoot him if he removed it. The solitary spell was interrupted between 1675 and 1680, when the man in the mask served the also imprisoned Nicholas Fouquet, Marquis of Belle-Îlle as his valet. |
1680 | 1703 | ||||
Robert Hillary King | 1972 | 2001 | 29 years | ![]() | Placed in solitary confinement for the same murder as Woodfox and Wallace, until his original conviction was overturned. |
Yolanda Saldívar | 1995 | ongoing | 28 years, 308 days | ![]() | Found guilty of first-degree murder in the death of Tejano singer Selena Quintanilla-Pérez on March 31, 1995. Placed in solitary confinement after receiving numerous death threats from fellow inmates. |
Luis Felipe | 1997[221] | ongoing | 27 years, 197 days | ![]() | Leader of the New York chapter of the Latin Kings. Convicted and placed in solitary confinement for ordering several murders when he was already in prison for other offenses. |
Salvatore "Totò" Riina | January 15, 1993 | November 17, 2017 | 24 years, 306 days | ![]() | Reputed "boss of bosses" of the Sicilian mafia, nicknamed "The Beast". Believed to have ordered over 150 murders in Italy. Died in prison, aged 87.[222][223] |
Mary Mallon | March 27, 1915 | November 11, 1938 | 23 years, 229 days | ![]() | First known case of asymptomatic carrier of typhoid. Quarantined for life in New York City's North Brother Island after refusing to have her gallblader removed or stop working as a cook. |
Ian Manuel | 1993 | 2016 | 23 years | ![]() | Tried as an adult and sentenced to life for non-fatally shooting a woman during a robbery, when he was 13 years-old. His sentence was reduced after it was ruled that imprisoning minors who had not killed anyone for life was unconstitutional. Released.[224][225] |
Frank De Palma | February 3, 1992 | March 11, 2014 | 22 years, 36 days | ![]() | Kept in solitary for attacking a guard while serving a 42+ years stay in a Nevada prison for murder and other offenses. Released in 2018.[226] |
Leonora Christina Ulfeldt | 1663 | 1685 | 22 years | ![]() | Daughter of Christian IV of Denmark. Confined to a small cell in the Blue Tower of Copenhagen Castle by her brother, Frederick III, accused of treason. Released after 22 years by Christian V, she joined a convent where she died in 1698, aged 76. |
Russell Melvin Shoats | 1992 | 2014 | 22 years | ![]() | Member of the Black Unity Council, Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army, sentenced to life in prison without parole for the murder of a police officer. Shoats spent his time in solitary in a 7-by-12 foot cell, always illuminated by lights, for 23 or 24 hours a day. |
Anthony Gay | 1994 | 2016 | 22 years | ![]() | Originally imprisoned in Illinois for stealing a dollar bill and a hat, was added time to his sentence for disciplinary reasons until he served 24 years and almost all in solitary.[227] |
Clayton Fountain | 1983 | 2004 | 21 years | ![]() | Marine sentenced to life in prison for the murder of his staff sergeant in 1974, and placed in solitary after murdering three other prisoners and one corrections officer. Converted to Catholicism and was accepted as a lay brother of the Trappist monks posthumously. |
Giovanni Passannante | 1879 | 1899 | 20 years | ![]() | Attempted assassin of Umberto I of Italy. Locked in a dark, small cell below sea level in Portoferraio, Isle of Elba. His conditions became a scandal after they were revealed and he was moved to an asylum in Montelupo Fiorentino, where he died in 1910. |
John T. Downey | 1952 | 1973 | 20 years, 3 months and 14 days | ![]() | CIA agent captured along Richard Fecteau in Manchuria after their plane was shot down by Chinese forces during the Korean War; the mission was part of a failed attempt to establish an anti-Communist guerrilla in mainland China. Released after the thaw of Chinese-American relations. There was a three-week break in their solitary confinement in 1955, when they were allowed to interact with the crew of a downed American B-29.[228] |
10–19 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Richard Fecteau | 1952 | 1971 | 19 years | ![]() | CIA agent captured along John T. Downey in Manchuria after their plane was shot down by Chinese forces during the Korean War; the mission was part of a failed attempt to establish an anti-Communist guerrilla in mainland China. Released after the thaw of Chinese-American relations. There was a three-week break in their solitary confinement in 1955, when they were allowed to interact with the crew of a downed American B-29.[228] |
Viktor Ilyin | 1969 | 1988 | 19 years | ![]() | Attempted assassin of Leonid Brezhnev. Released in 1990.[citation needed] |
Ian Manuel | 1990 | 2008 | 18 years | ![]() | [229] |
Clarence Carnes | 1946 | 1963 | 17 years | ![]() | Placed in solitary for his part in the "Battle of Alcatraz". The measure ended with the closing of the prison. |
Wazir Ali Khan | December 1799 | May 15, 1817 | 17 years | ![]() | Former Nawab of Awadh held in an iron cage at Fort William until his death, for leading the Massacre of Benares. |
Christopher Scarver | 1994 | 2010 | 16 years | ![]() | Placed in solitary confinement for the double murder of Jeffrey Dahmer and Jesse Anderson. All three men were serving life sentences for murder at the time of the crime. |
Mordechai Vanunu | 1987 | March 12, 1998 | 11 years | ![]() | Israel nuclear whistleblower |
Longest spells on death row
These prisoners were sentenced to death rather than prison, but their execution was stalled for a prolonged time due to different reasons.
More than 40 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tommy Zeigler | July 16, 1976 | ongoing | 48 years, 44 days | ![]() | Quadruple murder of Eunice Zeigler, Perry and Virginia Edwards, and Charlie Mays. He is Florida's longest serving death row inmate.[230] |
Virgil Delano Presnell Jr. | October 19, 1976 | ongoing | 47 years, 315 days | ![]() | Longest serving death row inmate in Georgia.[231] Sentenced to death for kidnapping, raping and murdering an 8-year-old girl.[232][233] |
Richard Gerald Jordan | March 2, 1977 | ongoing | 47 years, 180 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death for the abduction and murder of a woman in Mississippi. Jordan is Mississippi's longest serving death row inmate.[234] |
James Franklin Rose | May 13, 1977 | ongoing | 47 years, 108 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death in Florida for killing the daughter of his ex-girlfriend. In 2018, he was sentenced to life without parole for the rape and murder of a woman in 1975.[235] |
Harvey Earvin | October 26, 1977 | ongoing | 46 years, 308 days | ![]() | Longest held prisoner on death row in Texas. Sentenced to death for shooting and killing a service station attendant in 1976.[236][237] |
Iwao Hakamada | September 11, 1968 | March 27, 2014 | 45 years, 197 days | ![]() | Granted a retrial and found innocent after it was determined that the evidence used to convict him the first time was forged. |
Raymond Riles | April 2, 1976 | April 14, 2021 | 45 years, 12 days | ![]() | One of the longest held prisoners on death row in Texas. His execution was stayed several times from 1980 onward for different reasons. He was later diagnosed with mental problems and is considered not mentally fit to be executed. He tried to commit suicide in 1985 by setting his jail cell on fire. His death sentence was thrown out on April 14, 2021.[238] He was sentenced to life imprisonment on June 9, 2021.[239] |
Clarence Curtis Jordan | September 12, 1978 | ongoing | 45 years, 352 days | ![]() | Sentenced for the 1977 murder of a market clerk in Texas.[240] |
Arturo Daniel Aranda | May 18, 1979 | ongoing | 45 years, 103 days | ![]() | Sentenced for the 1976 murder of a police officer in Texas.[241] |
Albert Greenwood Brown | March 2, 1982 | ongoing | 42 years, 180 days | ![]() | Pedophile who abducted and murdered a 15-year-old on her way to school while being on parole for molesting another girl in California. Brown was scheduled for execution on September 30, 2010, but it was put on hold due to lethal injection supplies being unavailable at the time. |
Hiroshi Sakaguchi | June 18, 1982 | ongoing | 42 years, 72 days | ![]() | United Red Army member who murdered two police officers and an innocent bystander in a shootout with police in 1972 |
Arthur Lee Giles | August 18, 1979 | September 30, 2020 | 41 years, 43 days | ![]() | Was the longest-serving inmate on Alabama's death row, having been convicted of the 1978 murders of a couple in Blount County, Alabama.[242] |
Patrick McKenna | 1980 | April 19, 2021 | 41 years | ![]() | Spent most of his adult life in prison for various violent crimes, and was sentenced to death for the murder of his cellmate.[243] |
Douglas Stankewitz | October 12, 1978 | May 3, 2019 | 40 years, 203 days | ![]() | Oldest death row inmate at California's San Quentin State Prison, a member of the Mono nation sentenced to death for the abduction and murder of a 22-year-old woman. Retried twice and sentenced to death on both occasions.[244] Retried a third time and sentenced to life in prison without parole.[245] |
Thomas Eugene Creech | January 1, 1983 | ongoing | 41 years, 241 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death for killing a fellow prisoner while incarcerated in Idaho 1981. Creech had been previously on death row for another murder, but his death sentence was overturned by the United States Supreme Court in 1977 after appeal. |
Ronald Allen Smith | March 22, 1983 | ongoing | 41 years, 160 days | ![]() | Only Canadian on death row in the United States and one of two death row inmates in Montana. Smith, along with another man, murdered two Native American men who offered them a ride while the former were under the influence of LSD. His accomplice accepted a plea deal to avoid the death penalty, while Smith refused and requested capital punishment for himself. |
Doug Clark | March 24, 1983 | October 11, 2023 | 40 years, 200.5 days | ![]() | One of the couple known as the "Sunset Strip Killers", who raped and murdered six women in Los Angeles during the summer of 1980. His partner, Carol Bundy, died in prison in 2003. Clark died of natural causes at a medical facility in 2023.[246] |
George Banks | June 22, 1983 | ongoing | 41 years, 68 days | ![]() | Spree killer sentenced to death for the murders of twelve people in the 1982 Wilkes-Barre Shootings, including his five children. Although his insanity defence was rejected at the trial, he was later ruled incompetent to be executed in 2004 and 2010. |
Michael Morales | June 30, 1983 | ongoing | 41 years, 60 days | ![]() | Raped and murdered a 17-year-old girl who was in a love triangle with Morales's cousin and another man in California; his cousin was sentenced to life in prison as inductor. Though Morales did not deny his guilt, doubts about the evidence presented in his trial mounted as his scheduled execution for February 26, 2006, came near. The execution was postponed indefinitely due to medical professionals refusing to participate in executions, as their presence is obligatory under California law. |
Richard Dean Turner | 1980 | March 23, 2024 | 44 years | ![]() | Shot and killed a couple during a burglary in California in 1979, whilst under the influence of alcohol and drugs. He died in prison in 2024.[247] |
30–39 years
Name | Sentence start | Sentence end | Sentence duration | Country | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cesar Fierro | February 14, 1980 | December 19, 2019 | 39 years, 307 days | ![]() | Mexican national arrested in Ciudad Juarez for the murder of a cab driver in El Paso and convicted in spite of no existing physical evidence linking him to the case. Formerly held on death row in Huntsville, Texas. His sentence was changed to life in prison on December 19, 2019.[248][249] |
Murray Hooper | February 11, 1983 | November 16, 2022 | 39 years, 278 days | ![]() | Convicted of participating in the December 31, 1980, robbery and murders of William Patrick Redmond and his mother-in-law Helen Phelps and the attempted murder of Redmond's wife Marilyn. He was executed by lethal injection on November 16, 2022, despite his guilt being questioned by certain officials.[250][251] |
William Theodore Boliek Jr. | December 11, 1984 | ongoing | 39 years, 262 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death for the murder of an 18-year-old girl in Kansas City in 1983. In 1997, Boliek was granted a stay of execution by Governor Mel Carnahan. Carnahan died in a plane crash in 2000 and Boliek's case was not resolved. A court determined only Carnahan could overturn the stay, effectively leaving Boliek's case in permanent limbo. Governor Jay Nixon's office determined Boliek would not be executed and he will spend the remainder of his life in prison. Boliek is Missouri's longest-serving death row inmate.[252][253][254][255] |
Richard Delmer Boyer | December 14, 1984 | ongoing | 39 years, 259 days | ![]() | Fatally stabbed an elderly couple. |
Malcolm Robbins | May 12, 1983 | January 27, 2023 | 39 years, 260 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death in 1983 for first degree murder in Santa Barbara County, California.[256] |
Gary Alvord | April 9, 1974 | May 19, 2013 | 39 years, 40 days | ![]() | Schizophrenic sentenced to death in Florida for the murder of three women over the price of one game of pool. Died of a brain tumor after several delays. |
Richard Norman Rojem Jr. | July 15, 1985 | June 27, 2024 | 38 years, 348 days | ![]() | Sentenced for the July 1984 kidnapping, sexual assault and murder of his former stepdaughter, 7-year-old Layla Cummings.[257] Executed on June 27, 2024. According to the Oklahoma Department of Corrections, Richard Rojem was the state's longest-serving death row prisoner at the time of his execution.[258][259] |
Lawrence Bittaker | March 24, 1981 | December 13, 2019 | 38 years, 264 days | ![]() | One of the two "Toolbox Killers" who kidnapped, raped, tortured and murdered five teenage girls in southern California during a period of five months in 1979. Died of natural causes in 2019. His partner in crime, Roy Norris, was sentenced to life in prison with possibility of parole after 30 years in exchange for testifying against Bittaker. |
Thomas Knight | April 21, 1975 | January 7, 2014 | 38 years, 261 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death for the murders of three people in Florida. Knight murdered a couple in Miami in 1974 and later murdered a corrections officer while on death row in 1980. He was executed by lethal injection on January 7, 2014.[260] |
Carey Dean Moore | June 20, 1980 | August 14, 2018 | 38 years, 55 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death for the murders of two taxicab drivers in Nebraska. He was executed by lethal injection on August 14, 2018. He was Nebraska's longest serving death row inmate.[261] |
Kevin Cooper | May 21, 1985 | ongoing | 39 years, 100 days | ![]() | Career burglar sentenced to death for the murders of four members of the same family and attempted murder of two others during a home invasion in Chino Hills, California in 1983, shortly after he escaped from prison. Cooper was scheduled for execution on February 10, 2004, but it was postponed to allow DNA testing of the crime scene and getaway vehicle that did not exist at the time of his conviction. The results of both tests supported the case against Cooper. |
Douglas Stewart Carter | December 27, 1985 | ongoing | 38 years, 246 days | ![]() | Killed an elderly woman during a burglary in Provo, Utah. Assigned lethal injection. |
Michael Owen Perry | January 8, 1986 | ongoing | 38 years, 234 days | ![]() | Murdered his parents, two of his cousins, and his 2-year-old nephew in Lake Arthur, Louisiana. Perry is Louisiana's longest serving death row inmate.[262] |
Gerald Ross Pizzuto Jr. | May 1, 1986 | ongoing | 38 years, 120 days | ![]() | Beat a Marsing, Idaho woman and her nephew to death in July 1985. He was scheduled for execution on June 2, 2021, despite being terminally ill.[263][264] He was granted a stay of execution on May 18, 2021, until a commutation hearing in November 2021.[265] |
Sadamichi Hirasawa | 1950 | 1987 | 37 years | ![]() | Confessed under torture to have committed the Teikoku Bank Incident of 1948, a mass poisoning of Imperial Bank employees that killed ten people. Hirasawa was never executed because no Justice Minister wanted to sign his death warrant, as all believed that he had been falsely charged. However, he wasn't granted a retrial either, and he was still in death row when he died from pneumonia in 1987. |
Tiequon Cox | May 7, 1986 | ongoing | 38 years, 114 days | ![]() | Member of the Crips sentenced to death for the hired mass murder of five relatives of former NFL player Kermit Alexander in their home. Cox was 18 at the time of the crimes. |
David Earl Miller | March 17, 1982 | December 6, 2018 | 36 years, 264 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death for the 1981 murder of 23-year-old intellectually disabled woman, Lee Standifer. Miller was executed by electric chair in December 2018. He was Tennessee's longest serving death row inmate.[266] |
Brandon Astor Jones | October 17, 1979 | February 3, 2016 | 36 years, 109 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death for his involvement in the felony murder of a convenience store manager in Georgia. Was retried and sentenced to death again in 1997 because the jurors at the first trial had brought a Bible into the deliberation room. Oldest prisoner in Georgia at the time of his execution, aged 72. |
Tomiyama Tsuneki | 1967 | 2003 | 36 years | ![]() | Died of kidney failure in prison, at the age of 86.[267] |
Romell Broom | October 24, 1985 | December 28, 2020 | 35 years, 65 days | ![]() | Abducted, raped, and strangled a 14-year-old girl returning from a football game in East Cleveland, Ohio, and also attempted to kidnap two of her friends. Survived an attempted execution by lethal injection on September 15, 2009, because the executioners couldn't find a suitable vein. He died in prison from COVID-19 complications on December 28, 2020.[268][269][270] |
Ralph Leroy Menzies | March 23, 1988 | ongoing | 36 years, 159 days | ![]() | Abducted and strangled a female gas station attendant in Kearns, Utah. Requested death by firing squad. |
David Carpenter | May 10, 1988 | ongoing | 36 years, 111 days | ![]() | Known as the "Trailside Killer", killed at least ten hikers and attacked another one in state parks near San Francisco. He was attributed to a 1979 murder after a DNA match in December 2009. |
David Allen Raley | May 24, 1988 | ongoing | 36 years, 97 days | ![]() | Security guard who abducted, raped, beat, and stabbed two teenage girls in the abandoned Carolands mansion where he worked, before throwing them in a landfill. One of his victims died and the other survived. |
Ronald Gray | June 29, 1988 | ongoing | 36 years, 61 days | ![]() | Convict held for the longest time ever on the US Military death row, a serial rapist and murderer who committed his crimes while stationed in Fort Bragg as a member of the 82nd Airborne Division. |
Edmund Zagorski | March 27, 1984 | November 1, 2018 | 34 years, 219 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death by the state of Tennessee for the 1983 murders of two men, and was executed by electrocution in 2018. |
Ronald Watson Lafferty | May 7, 1985 | November 11, 2019 | 34 years, 188 days | ![]() | Self-proclaimed prophet from Utah who claimed to have been divinely mandated to murder a number of people starting with his sister-in-law and her baby daughter. A death sentence was overturned on the grounds that he was not competent to stand trial, but he was deemed competent, retried, and sentenced to death again in 1996. Lafferty had requested to be executed by firing squad. |
Edward Harold Schad | December 27, 1979 | October 9, 2013 | 33 years, 286 days | ![]() | Oldest prisoner in Arizona death row at the time of his execution by lethal injection, aged 71. Sentenced to death for the murder and robbery of a 74-year-old man in 1978, while he was in parole for another murder ten years prior.[271][272] |
Pervis Tyrone Payne | February 16, 1988 | November 18, 2021 | 33 years, 275 days | ![]() | Murdered an acquaintance and her 2-year-old daughter. Payne was scheduled to be executed in December 2020, but was given a reprieve until April 2021 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[273] In September 2020, DNA testing was ordered to investigate his claims of innocence.[274] Payne was resentenced to two concurrent life sentences on January 31, 2022. |
Cynthia Coffman | August 31, 1989 | ongoing | 34 years, 364 days | ![]() | Convicted along with her boyfriend James Marlow of the murders of four women from October to November 1986. Coffman admits to committing the murders, but claims she suffered from battered-woman syndrome. |
James Gregory Marlow | Convicted along with his girlfriend Cynthia Coffman of the murders of four women from October to November 1986. | ||||
Sakae Menda | March 23, 1950 | July 15, 1983 | 33 years, 114 days | ![]() | After being arrested for stealing rice, Menda was tortured until he confessed to the murders of a Buddhist priest and his wife, which he did not commit. He was not represented by a lawyer, no physical evidence linking Menda to the murders was ever produced, and the testimony of witnesses backing his alibi was deliberately kept out of his trial. In 1979 he was granted a retrial and in 1983 he was acquitted, becoming the first person in the History of Japan to be released from death row. |
Jack Alderman | June 1975 | September 16, 2008 | 33 years | ![]() | Murdered his wife with a wrench in Georgia. Executed by lethal injection. |
Bobby Joe Long | July 25, 1986 | May 23, 2019 | 32 years, 302 days | ![]() | Known as "The Classified Ad Rapist" or "The Adman Rapist", kidnapped, raped and killed at least ten women in Tampa Bay Area in Florida during an eight-month period in 1984. He was executed on May 23, 2019, by lethal injection. |
Thomas Warren Whisenhant | September 7, 1977 | May 27, 2010 | 32 years, 262 days | ![]() | Sentenced to death for the murder of a convenience store clerk in Alabama. He later admitted to murdering a further three women in Mobile County. He was executed by lethal injection on May 27, 2010. At the time of his execution, he was Alabama's longest serving death row inmate.[275] |
Dayton Leroy Rogers | June 9, 1989 | November 12, 2021 | 32 years, 156 days | ![]() | Rogers was convicted in May 1989 for the murders of 23-year-old Lisa Marie Mock, 26-year-old Maureen Ann Hodges, 35-old Christine Lotus Adams, 20- year-old Cynthia Devore, 26-year-old Nondace "Noni" Cervantes, and 16-year-old Riatha Gyles. Removed from death row for the final time on November 12, 2021, due in part to a new law signed by Governor Kate Brown, which limited the amount of aggravating factors required for seeking the death penalty.[276] |
Robert Brian Waterhouse | September 3, 1980 | February 5, 2012 | 31 years, 155 days | ![]() | Murdered and mutilated a woman in Florida while he was on parole from a life sentence for murder. Executed in 2012.[277] |
Henry McCollum | 1983 | September 2, 2014 | 31 years | ![]() | Longest serving death row inmate in North Carolina. Sentenced for the rape and murder of an 11-year-old girl, while his half-brother Leon Brown was sentenced to life in prison. Both men were intellectually disabled. They were exonerated following DNA tests and released.[278] |
See also
- List of longest prison sentences
- List of prisoners with whole-life tariffs
- List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention
References
- ^ "The Skye Tragedy". Argus. July 17, 1903. p. 5 – via Trove.
- ^ Marchant, Robert (February 22, 2019). "Greenwich yacht club murderer could be nation's longest-serving prisoner". Greenwich Time. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020.
- ^ "Department of Correction Inmate Information Search". www.ctinmateinfo.state.ct.us.
- ^ Marchant, Robert (March 21, 2022). "Longest-serving CT prisoner, now 97, released 72 years after Greenwich yacht club murder". GreenwichTime.
- ^ "Longest-serving CT prisoner, now 97, released 72 years after Greenwich yacht club murder". Our Community Now. March 21, 2022.
- ^ Marchant, Robert (March 21, 2022). "Longest-serving CT prisoner, now 97, released 72 years after Greenwich yacht club murder". The Middletown Press.
- ^ Neff, Joseph (May 28, 2019). "At home behind bars: After 66 years in prison, he has lost the desire to leave". The Marshall Project. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020 – via The News & Observer.
- ^ "NC DPS Offender Public Information". webapps.doc.state.nc.us.
- ^ "Walter H. Bourque Jr". The Lowell Sun. July 9, 1955. p. 1 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b Gregg, Cherri (May 17, 2017). "Nation's Oldest Juvenile Lifer Refuses Parole, Will Appeal New Sentence". KYW-TV. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
- ^ Melamed, Samantha (October 28, 2016). "Juvenile lifer, 79, rejects deal for parole. 'His view is: He's been in long enough'". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021.
- ^ Bonvillian, Crystal (February 15, 2021). "Oldest U.S. juvenile 'lifer' released from Pennsylvania prison after 68 years behind bars". KIRO-TV. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021.
- ^ "Joe Ligon: America's 'longest juvenile lifer' on 68 years in prison". BBC World Service. May 11, 2021.
- ^ "The Johnson Vandyke Grigsbys of the World are Never Free". Lee Lofland. February 18, 2021.
- ^ "An extraordinary story of forgiveness: from life without parole to finding grace". The Guardian. August 8, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ "Officer Harold Humphrey Pearce". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ Sorene, Paul (December 3, 2015). "Death Row Stories: Life In The Iowa State Penitentiary At Fort Madison (1956)".
- ^ "Iowa's longest serving prison inmate dies at age 84". Associated Press News. December 9, 2021.
- ^ Nelson, Melissa (January 6, 2002). "Arkansas Prison Still Shackled to Dark Past". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
- ^ "A public hearing to consider the possible parole of Clarence Marshall". www.michigan.gov.
- ^ Mollah, Mashum (October 5, 2021). "Longest Prison Sentence Served: Here is the List [2022 Update]". rslonline.com.
- ^ a b Dash, Mike (July 24, 2010). "The longest prison sentences ever served".
- ^ Norris, Joseph (March 24, 2016). "Man free at last after 64 years in prison". The BayNet. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019.
- ^ a b "4 Michigan inmates have died in prison for juvenile life sentences". The Grand Rapids Press. November 8, 2011. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020 – via MLive.
- ^ Glenday, Craig (2009). Guinness World Records 2009 - Google Books. Bantam Books. ISBN 9780553592566. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ "Rice's Story as to Alibi is Shattered". The Miami Herald. February 16, 1917. p. 7. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ D'Angelo, Bob (January 21, 2021). "Parole denied for Michael Mayola, Alabama's longest-serving inmate". WHBQ-TV. Archived from the original on January 29, 2021.
- ^ Chisholm, Emily (July 27, 2018). "James Moore Denied Parole on his Life Sentence for Murder and Rape" (PDF) (Press release). Monroe County District Attorney. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ McDermott, Meaghan M. (July 28, 2018). "Longest serving state inmate James R. Moore denied parole for 1962 slaying, rape of Penfield girl". Democrat and Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ Lovenheim, Peter (October 16, 2019). "Board denies Moore's 20th bid for parole". Rochester Beacon. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020.
- ^ Lahman, Sean (May 10, 2022). "James Moore, longest serving state inmate, granted parole in 1962 killing of Penfield girl". Yahoo News.
- ^ Canne, Kayla (May 7, 2024). "James Moore, New York's longest serving inmate, dies in prison". Democrat & Chronicle. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
- ^ "CDCR Public Inmate Locator Disclaimer".
- ^ "Longest-Serving Texas Prisoner Makes Parole; Other Long-term Prisoners Not so "Lucky" | Prison Legal News".
- ^ "Booker T. Hillery: An Update". August 16, 2021.
- ^ Reisner, Author Rebecca (August 15, 2021). "Booker T. Hillery". Forensic Files Now.
{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - ^ Nakamoto, Chris; McWilliams, Erin (April 12, 2019). "Killer with two different murder convictions cleared for release by state parole board". WBRZ-TV. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020.
- ^ Riley, Bryce (February 3, 2018). "83-year-old inmate dies in Carson City". KTNV-TV. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018.
- ^ Lee, Stephen (January 14, 2018). "1958 killer of Hayes farm wife dies in SD prison". Capital Journal. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ "Mertz". Argus-Leader. November 2, 1958. p. 42. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
- ^ "State prison inmate dies following lengthy illness". dakotanewsnow.com. January 8, 2018.
- ^ a b "Longest-Serving Texas Prisoner Makes Parole; Other Long-term Prisoners Not so "Lucky" | Prison Legal News". www.prisonlegalnews.org.
- ^ "Top 10 People Who Out Lived Insane Prison Sentences". Facts WT. January 29, 2018.
- ^ "Haftentlassung nach mehr als 58 Jahren angeordnet". Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe (press release). March 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
- ^ Kranich, Sibylle (May 9, 2024). "Im Bruchsaler Knast: Rekordhäftling Neumann saß noch länger als Pommerenke". Badische Neueste Nachrichten. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
- ^ Gutowski, Christy (November 21, 2019). "Starved Rock killer Chester Weger, convicted in an infamous 1960 murder case, is granted parole". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Poltrock, Heather (February 11, 2021). "State's longest-serving prisoner, sentenced in brutal Wausau murder, is up for parole in July". WSAW-TV. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021.
- ^ Leischner, Mike (July 13, 2021). "Man Convicted in 1964 Wausau Murder Denied Parole". WSAU.
- ^ "Wausau man who murdered woman in 1964 dies in prison". Wausau Pilot & Review. May 23, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
- ^ "Henry Montgomery, at center of juvenile life debate, is free". Associated Press. November 17, 2021.
- ^ "State v. Montgomery".
- ^ "Will Supreme Court Decision be Death Knell for Juvenile Life without Parole? | Casetext".
- ^ "Aging Louisiana prisoners were promised a chance at parole after 10 years. Some are finally free". PBS. November 26, 2021.
- ^ "This Louisiana prisoner thought he'd only have to serve a decade. 57 years later, he's free". October 25, 2021.
- ^ "'The only way out is in a pine box': Costly, enfeebled lifers clog Louisiana prisons". December 17, 2021.
- ^ "10/6 Lifers in Louisiana Are Finally Getting Released from Prison". November 29, 2021.
- ^ "Wyman Hall". The Times. May 24, 1954. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- ^ a b c "Who are Alabama's oldest and longest-serving prisoners?". AL.com. August 2, 2018.
- ^ "The 'X' File". The Kerrville Times. Kerrville, Texas. February 19, 1995. p. 34 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Prosecutor: No sentencing break for Michigan's oldest juvenile lifer". Detroit Free Press. Associated Press. July 23, 2016. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020.
- ^ del Valle, Lauren (March 1, 2019). "He was sentenced to life for murder at age 17. At age 74 he's a free man". CNN. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020.
- ^ Dayton, Kevin (December 31, 2020). "Hawaii's Longest Serving Convict, Dead At 84, Outlived His Notoriety". Honolulu Civil Beat. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021.
- ^ "State v. Herrington". Justia Law.
- ^ Strachan, Graeme (May 11, 2021). "Robert Mone: Dundee murderer's eight-hour rooftop protest at Perth prison". The Courier.
- ^ "PARAMORE v. STATE | 229 So.2d 855 (1969) | so2d8552888 | Leagle.com". Leagle.
- ^ "Inmate Population Information Detail". www.dc.state.fl.us.
- ^ Stroud, Rob (September 26, 2019). "Parole again denied for man convicted of murdering 5 Mattoon-area children 51 years ago". JG-TC.com. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
- ^ "Tom Kacich | Fifty years later, they remain 'Taken Before Their Time'". May 2, 2018.
- ^ "Chief of Police G. Ord Thompson". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ "Constable Jeff Goff". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
- ^ Gardner, James Ross (May 2015). "Tony Wheat Has Been Sorry for So Long". Seattle Met. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021.
- ^ Menéndez-Pidal, F. (1982) Heráldica Medieval Española: La Casa Real de León y Castilla. Hidalguía, 274 pages.
- ^ Sullivan, Christopher (February 5, 1995). "1957 Murders Leave Lingering Mystery Despite a Conviction : Justice: Frank Wetzel is either a cold-blooded killer or a political prisoner. Or is he? There are at least three ways to look at this case". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ Clowers, Laurie (January 22, 2004). Ensslin, Paul (ed.). "Convicted Killer, 82, Seeks Freedom After Nearly 50 Years". WRAL-TV. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2021.
- ^ "Frank Wetzel, 90, N.C.'s oldest prisoner, dies". July 23, 2012.
- ^ "Alabama prison COVID-19 cases rise, another death reported". June 13, 2020.
- ^ "Mikulovsky v. State, 196 N.W.2d 748, 54 Wis. 2d 699 – CourtListener.com". CourtListener.
- ^ "WV Inmate Locator". WV Inmate Locator.
- ^ "An 88-year-old Iowan has served 52 years on a life sentence. Should that be enough?". Iowa Public Radio. December 17, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
- ^ "RFK assassin Sirhan wins parole with support of 2 Kennedys". Politico. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ Newsom, Gavin (January 13, 2022). "Op-Ed: Newsom: Why I will not release Sirhan Sirhan on parole". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
- ^ "Conscience Of Judge Spares Youth From Death Chair For Child Slaying". The Pittsburgh Press. June 11, 1943. p. 2. Retrieved May 18, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Slayer Of Girl, 4, Asks Parole". The Pittsburgh Press. December 7, 1958. Retrieved May 18, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "DA Office Fights Slayer Paroles". The Pittsburgh Press. November 23, 1963. Retrieved May 18, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Six Slayers From County File Appeals". The Pittsburgh Press. March 24, 1968. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "DA Against Release Of 4 Murderers". The Pittsburgh Press. June 28, 1974. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Earl Perry Died". August 8, 2008. Archived from the original on August 8, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
- ^ "Between the Bars : The Longest Serving Wisconsin Prisoner Has Died — Harlan Richards". betweenthebars.org.
- ^ "Welcome Page". appsdoc.wi.gov.
- ^ "NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision". nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov.
- ^ Lutton, Ellen (April 17, 2010). "Child murderer dies in custody after 54 years behind bars". Brisbane Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021.
- ^ "Kentucky's longest-serving inmate dies after 54 years in prison". WDRB. January 21, 2015. Archived from the original on April 12, 2020.
- ^ "New Orleans Battled Mass Incarceration. Then Came the Backlash over Violent Crime". July 6, 2022.
- ^ "Two of Louisiana's longest-serving prisoners go free in deals with Jason Williams; more deals pending". October 5, 2021.
- ^ Bhaumik, Subir (July 24, 2005). "Inmate's 50 years without trial".
- ^ Pilger, Lori (October 30, 2009). "73-year-old inmate loses lawsuit asking judge to intervene". Lincoln Journal Star. Archived from the original on April 25, 2019.
- ^ Spilinek, Collin (May 12, 2019). "Inmate who committed Saunders County murders dies at Tecumseh prison". Lincoln Journal Star. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020.
- ^ "Nebraska Inmate Details -". dcs-inmatesearch.ne.gov.
- ^ "Florida's longest-serving inmates: Older, sicker but more well-behaved". October 18, 2019.
- ^ "FL DPS Offender Public Information". webapps.doc.state.fl.us.
- ^ "Fiscal Year 2020-2021 Inmate Mortality". Florida Department of Corrections. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
- ^ "Edward Arthur Webb". Black Kalendar.
- ^ "State v. Hebard | 50 Wis.2d 408". www.casemine.com.
- ^ "Norman Santiago". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. November 21, 2000. p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "A second chance". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. November 21, 2000. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ "New Zealand's longest serving prisoner Alfred Vincent appeals to Privy Council". stuff.co.nz. January 19, 2016.
- ^ "51 years behind bars: the strange life of Alf Vincent, New Zealand's longest-serving prisoner". stuff.co.nz. May 30, 2019.
- ^ "Longest-Serving Prisoner Out of Jail, Lawyer Relieved He Did Not Die There". About You.
- ^ "Rapist Draws 1,000 Years". The Daily Oklahoman. September 12, 1970. p. 1.
- ^ "Rape Case Nets 1,000 Year Sentence". Sapulpa Daily Herald. September 13, 1970. p. 22.
- ^ "Thousand-Year Terms Reduced". The Daily Oklahoman. September 15, 1973. p. 12.
- ^ Suter, Ruth (August 28, 2024). "Scots killer believed to be one of UK's longest-serving prisoners dies behind bars". Daily Record. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
- ^ "Shiawassee County man serving life in prison to get second chance at shorter sentence". December 5, 2022.
- ^ "State Supreme Court remands murder case for resentencing". December 7, 2022.
- ^ Finn, Christina (January 24, 2016). "When life means life: 'I'm sorry for what I did to your mother and father'". thejournal.ie.
- ^ "A lifetime behind bars - the killers who are our longest-serving prisoners". Irish Independent. March 25, 2018. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021.
- ^ O'Rourke, Megan. "Convicted Butler County killer up for parole in June". Fox19. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ "Court commutes death sentence of Cincinnatian". Chillicothe Gazette. August 19, 1972. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ "Offender Details".
- ^ McFadden, Robert D. (April 5, 2016). "Winston Moseley, Who Killed Kitty Genovese, Dies in Prison at 81". The New York Times. p. A21. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
- ^ "ADC". apps.ark.org.
- ^ Funcheon, Deirdra (October 17, 2019). "Florida's Longest-Serving Inmates: They Get Older, Sicker and More Well-behaved". Juvenile Justice Information Exchange. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
- ^ "The Justice Files: Utah's first serial killers show no remorse". February 7, 2019.
- ^ "A Second Chance". November 21, 2000.
- ^ "Recordhouder tbs overleed uiteindelijk in vrijheid (in Dutch)". Elsevier.
- ^ McDonald, Craig (December 2, 2018). "Scottish child killer caged for record 51 years dies leaving £50k in behind-bars benefits". Daily Record.
- ^ "Inmate dies in prison 51 years after life sentence for double murder". CBC News. The Canadian Press. July 17, 2020.
- ^ Schulberg, Jessica (December 30, 2021). "When A Prison Sentence Of 10 Years And 6 Months Turns Into Forever". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ Gartner, Jordan. "Man convicted of violent rape, murder released after more than 50 years in prison". WVLT. Retrieved April 27, 2023.
- ^ "Nation's Oldest Prisoner Celebrates 99th Birthday". Jet. October 24, 1974 – via Google Books.
- ^ Meyers, D. & Meyers, E. (2009). Central Ohio's Historic Prisons. Arcadia Publishing, 127 pages.
- ^ Stanton, Sam; Chang, Richard (August 12, 2015). "Notorious member of "San Quentin Six" killed in New Folsom prison riot". The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
- ^ "Oldest American prisoner released from jail at age 100". The Independent. June 23, 2017.
- ^ "These are the southwest Michigan men whose mandatory life sentences will get another look". South Bend Tribune.
- ^ McDonald, Craig (April 21, 2019). "Child rapist who terrorised Glasgow dies after 50 years in Carstairs". Daily Record.
- ^ Patterson, Catherine (July 14, 2015). "42 years after Alday murders, no closure". walb.com.
- ^ Buckhalter, Deborah (July 10, 2015). "Alday massacre to be revisited on ID's Evil Kin". Dothan Eagle.
- ^ Darnell, Tim. "15 high-profile executions in Georgia". AJC.com.
- ^ Albright, Mandi. "Spa killings another grisly chapter in Georgia history". AJC.com.
- ^ "Louisiana's longest-serving incarcerated woman is supposed to be free. Instead, she has Covid-19". Huntsville Tribune. April 23, 2020.
- ^ "Louisiana's longest-serving female prisoner released after 50 years 'a better version of herself'". theadvocate.com. January 25, 2022.
- ^ "Free at last: Man released from prison after 50 years without trial". www.loopjamaica.com.
- ^ "George Williams released from prison after 50 years without trial". jamaica-gleaner.com. June 24, 2020.
- ^ "A teen when he knifed young mom, her in-laws to death in 1970, S.I. killer dies in prison". silive. September 16, 2021.
- ^ "Killer of young mom, in-laws in 1970 denied parole again". silive. December 20, 2017.
- ^ "Staten Island Youth Seized in Slaying Of 3 in One Family". The New York Times. April 25, 1970.
- ^ "Murder, mayhem and parole: 7 notorious S.I. inmates seek freedom this year". silive. January 11, 2021.
- ^ Wingblad, Aileen (November 2, 2020). "Judge says convicted killer deserves chance for parole". Retrieved November 14, 2020.
- ^ "Juvenile lifer who shot Pontiac man nearly 50 years ago leaving prison". November 2, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
- ^ "Freed juvenile lifer finds emotional maze outside prison". Detroitnews.com. April 4, 2017.
- ^ "Teen criminals savor freedom as parole ends life sentences - Locked Up for Life". Associated Press.
- ^ "Offender Tracking Information System (OTIS) - Offender Profile". mdocweb.state.mi.us.
- ^ "The unwanted find lonely rest in prison potter's field" – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Holsman, Dacia Johnson and Melissa E. "Uncertain Terms podcast | Episode 1: Dennis Creamer and victims' family impact". Treasure Coast.
- ^ "Herbert Mullin Dies of Natural Causes". California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. August 19, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.
- ^ "Prisoner/Probationer Search". www1.maine.gov.
- ^ Russell, Eric (April 13, 2013). "Maine's longest-serving prisoner running no more". Portland Press Herald.
- ^ "Maine's longest-serving inmate dies in prison". Bangor Daily News.
- ^ "The Melvin Mott investigation in pictures". couriermail. June 2, 2015.
- ^ Finn, Christina (January 10, 2016). "When life means life: 'All I went for was a few bob. I hadn't it in mind at all to kill her'". TheJournal.ie.
- ^ a b Scachetti, Leanna (October 19, 2020). "State agency issues new reports into alleged misconduct at Parole Board". wdbj7.com.
- ^ Tyree, Elizabeth (May 8, 2020). "Lynchburg officials want answers on convicted murderer's possible release". WSET.
- ^ Evans, Danner (December 31, 2020). "'It's always a relief': family learns murderer will remain behind bars for now". WSET.
- ^ Evans, Danner (November 11, 2020). "Family awaits parole board's decision on convicted murderer's release". WSET.
- ^ "6 Nov 1975, Page 14 - The Danville Register at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Parole Decisions for November, 2023, with Reasons" (PDF). Virginia.gov. Retrieved April 24, 2024.
- ^ "Longest-serving Scots prisoner John McHugh claims to have witnessed jail guards beating fellow killer behind bars". MSN News. November 1, 2020.
- ^ "Serial Killers: Brothers Danny and Larry Ranes separately became serial killers; Did not kill together". my life of crime true crime blog. December 15, 2016.
- ^ "Convicted serial killer found dead jail". MSN.
- ^ "Dit deed de 'Vampier van Muizen' op zijn eerste dag buiten de gevangenis in jaren". Het Nieuwsblad. February 16, 2016.
- ^ "Hoe de 20-jarige Staf Van Eyken de Vampier van Muizen werd: "Plots zei hij tegen zijn collega's 'Ik kan mij niet meer houden, ik moet weg'"". www.gva.be. January 23, 2022.
- ^ "Man who shot Adrian police officer in 1975 gets new sentence". June 3, 2024.
- ^ Pellet, Erin (June 26, 2023). "Grayson County killer dies after 53 years in prison". Retrieved June 27, 2023.
- ^ https://www.heralddemocrat.com/2023/06/26/one-of-the-areas-most-notorious-murderers-has-died-in-prison/ [bare URL]
- ^ "Prisoner who helped free wrongly convicted man dies of coronavirus". mlive. April 23, 2020.
- ^ "An innocent man spent 46 years in prison. And made a plan to kill the man who framed him". CNN.
- ^ "Offender Tracking Information System (OTIS) - Offender Profile". mdocweb.state.mi.us.
- ^ "Serial Killer Dies In Prison At Age 89". jdledger.com. August 5, 2020.
- ^ Funk, Luke (May 10, 2022). "NJ Supreme Court orders Sundiata Acoli eligible for parole; killed state trooper in 1973". Fox 5 New York. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
- ^ People V. Bennett (April 30, 1974). "People v. Bennett | 52 Mich. App. 742 (1974) | happ7421675". Leagle.com. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
- ^ "Michigan juvenile lifer could go free after 50 years in prison". January 22, 2021.
- ^ "Offender Tracking Information System (OTIS) - Offender Profile".
- ^ "Murderer on life sentence dies in prison". thewhig.
- ^ "CSC reports inmate death at Millhaven Institution – Kingston News". October 9, 2020.
- ^ "State v. Sneed".
- ^ "After an alleged overdose days before his release, Bobby Sneed may lose his parole and spend the rest of his life in prison". May 5, 2021.
- ^ "Legal settlement leads to release of longtime Louisiana prisoner Bobby Sneed".
- ^ "After Being Illegally Imprisoned for Almost a Year, Bobby Sneed is Finally Free". February 14, 2022.
- ^ Giblin, Ruaidhrí. "State's longest-serving prisoner seeking two days' release a year". The Irish Times.
- ^ "Depraved double killer John Shaw sues State in freedom bid". Extra.ie. August 1, 2017.
- ^ a b "Pietro Acciarito". Treccani.
- ^ Ross, Shane (November 15, 2020). "P.E.I. man who killed neighbours in 1974 dies in prison". CBC News.
- ^ "P.E.I. man who killed neighbours in 1974 dies in prison". ca.news.yahoo.com. November 15, 2020.
- ^ "P.E.I. killer denied full parole". www.saltwire.com.
- ^ Peddigrew, Ryan. "Inmate dies at Millhaven Institution Regional Treatment Centre".
- ^ "Man Convicted in Killing". The New York Times. February 5, 1977.
- ^ "LIFE FOR SEGRETTA KILLER". The Boston Globe. April 18, 1977. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
- ^ Mollah, Mashum (October 5, 2021). "List Of Longest Prison Sentences Served [2022 Update]". rslonline.com.
- ^ Mauer, Marc; King, Ryan S.; Young, Malcolm C. (May 2004). "The meaning of "life": long prison sentences in context" (PDF). Washington, D.C: The Sentencing Project – via novembercoalition.org.
- ^ Pishko, Jessica (September 7, 2022). "The Lives Beyond the Life Sentences". JSTOR. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
- ^ "He spent 45 years in Kansas Pen". Johnson City Press. October 7, 1971. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- ^ Eustachewich, Lia (May 22, 2019). "Wrongfully convicted man who served 45 years in prison to get $1.5M".
- ^ "A public hearing to consider the possible parole of Brent Koster". Michigan Department of Corrections. September 10, 2016.
- ^ "Parole granted for Kalamazoo man who as a teen killed 3 women in the 1970s". www.msn.com.
- ^ "Offender Tracking Information System (OTIS) - Offender Profile". mdocweb.state.mi.us.
- ^ "Oldest Prisoner in Egypt Looks for 'Good Wife' after Freedom". Asharq AL-awsat.
- ^ "David Brooks, 1 of Houston's most notorious serial killers dies". ABC13 Houston. May 31, 2020.
- ^ Gabriella Killett (April 22, 2024). "New Orleans serial killer who targeted gay men granted parole after 46 years inside Angola". NOLA. Archived from the original on April 22, 2024.
- ^ "Clipped From St. Louis Post-Dispatch". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. August 19, 1977. p. 15 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ Wilbert Jones. "Wilbert Jones - National Registry of Exonerations". Law.umich.edu. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ "Youth Tells 7th Slaying". Fremont Tribune. March 8, 1960. p. 1.
- ^ Boffetta, Elena. "Finding my family after 44 years in prison". Al Jazeera.
- ^ Lopez, German (December 6, 2015). "A touching video of what it's like to rejoin the world after 44 years in prison". Vox.
- ^ "My life after 44 years in prison". Al Jazeera.
- ^ "Prisoner who served 44 years dies from COVID-19 days before release - ABC Columbia Prisoner who served 44 years dies from COVID-19 days before release". April 22, 2020.
- ^ Kaur, Harmeet; Watts, Amanda (August 28, 2020). "A Black man is freed from prison 44 years after he was wrongly convicted of rape". CNN.
- ^ Bandler, Jonathan (September 29, 2022). "Larchmont cop's killer granted parole after nearly five decades". Lohud.com. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
- ^ "Inmate, 70, dies at Somers". Hartford Courant. June 23, 1981. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- ^ "Hoe zou het nog zijn met...Freddy Horion?". Site-KnackFocus-NL. August 31, 2012.
- ^ "Freddy Horion: "Dit is geen straf, maar een psychische foltering"". vrtnws.be. October 18, 2017.
- ^ Kocieniewski, David (February 15, 1997). "Seen as Threat, Gang Chief Gets a Life Term in Solitary". The New York Times. p. 26. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
- ^ "The most violent and feared Mafia Godfather has died". News.com.au. November 17, 2017.
- ^ Feeds, IANS (July 19, 2017). "Jailed Sicilian mafia 'boss of bosses' Riina to stay in jail". India.com.
- ^ "Sentenced to life as a teen, prisoner learning to swap solitary for society". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2010.
- ^ Candace McCowan (November 14, 2016). "Tampa teen who shot woman in face in 1993, released from prison with help from victim".
- ^ De Palma, Frank (May 30, 2019). "I Developed Agoraphobia in Prison" – via The Marshall Project.
- ^ O'Dowd, Peter (January 11, 2019). "22 Years In Solitary Confinement: Looking At The Life Of Former Inmate Anthony Gay" – via www.wbur.org.
- ^ a b Andrew Burt. "John T. Downey, CIA agent captured by China during the Korean War: The story of the longest held American POW". Slate.
- ^ Manuel, Ian (March 25, 2021). "Opinion | I Survived 18 Years in Solitary Confinement". The New York Times.
- ^ "Mass-Murderer Sentenced to Death". The Miami Herald. July 17, 1976. p. 17. Retrieved October 15, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Albright, Mandi (May 11, 2022). "Deja News: May 1976 Cobb murder sent Presnell to Death Row". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
- ^ Helm, Claire (May 13, 2022). "Georgia death row inmate makes last meal request". wgxa.tv.
- ^ Albright, Mandi (May 20, 2022). "Deja News: May 1976 Cobb murder sent Presnell to Death Row". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ "AG requests August execution date for Richard Gerald Jordan". The Clarion-Ledger.
- ^ "Death-row inmate pleads guilty to 1975 cold-case murder". The Palm Beach Post. November 19, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2022.
- ^ "Harvey Earvin". Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ Fowler, Michael (January 5, 2022). "These are the East Texans on death row in 2022". KETK-TV. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- ^ "Longest-Serving U.S. Death Row Inmate's Sentence Overturned After 45 Years". Forbes.
- ^ "Longest serving death row inmate in US resentenced to life". Yahoo! News.
- ^ "Killing Time: 38 years on Death Row in Texas". April 20, 2016.
- ^ https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local_news/article/San-Antonian-still-on-death-row-after-31-years-1330317.php [bare URL]
- ^ Roth, Madeline (October 14, 2020). "Alabama's longest-serving death row inmate dies from pneumonia at 61". The Independent.
- ^ "Convicted murderer Patrick McKenna dies on death row in Nevada". MSN News. April 29, 2021.
- ^ La Ganga, Maria L. (November 6, 2016). "Man on death row 38 years fears trouble as California death penalty vote looms". The Guardian.
- ^ "A proper end to the tragic case of death-row inmate Douglas Stankewitz". The Fresno Bee.
- ^ "Douglas Clark, convicted murderer and half of the Sunset Strip Killers, dies of natural causes". Associated Press. October 12, 2023. Retrieved October 13, 2023.
- ^ Darwish, Mona (March 26, 2024). "San Quentin death row inmate who killed couple in 1979 dies of natural causes". The Mercury News. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
- ^ McCullough, Jolie (December 18, 2019). "Cesar Fierro spent 40 years on Texas death row. A court tossed his sentence Wednesday for faulty jury instructions". The Texas Tribune.
- ^ "Texas Department of Criminal Justice Offender Search". offender.tdcj.texas.gov.
- ^ "Murray Hooper". June 10, 2011.
- ^ "Murray Hooper: Arizona executes man for 1980 killings of 2 people". November 16, 2022.
- ^ "Missouri's 28 Death Row Inmates". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. November 9, 2015. p. A002. Retrieved January 7, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Mo. man executed for killing deputy, two others". The Houston Herald. May 19, 2016. p. M010. Retrieved January 7, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Salter, Jim (November 9, 2015). "Pace of Missouri executions is expected to slow sharply". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. A002. Retrieved January 7, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Man sentenced to death". The Kansas City Star. December 12, 1984. p. 3. Retrieved January 7, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "Condemned Inmate Malcolm Robbins Dies". California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. January 27, 2023. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ https://okoffender.doc.ok.gov/ [bare URL]
- ^ "Oklahoma executes Richard Rojem for child's death after almost 40 years on death row". The Oklahoman. June 27, 2024.
- ^ "AG Drummond seeks denial of clemency for Richard Rojem Jr". June 10, 2024.
- ^ "Askari Abdullah Muhammad, aka Thomas Knight, executed after 40 years". news.com.au. January 8, 2014.
- ^ Tysver, Robynn. "Cabdriver killer Carey Dean Moore recounted how he got to death row". Omaha World-Herald.
- ^ "Date received death row offenders" (PDF). Louisiana Department of Public Safety & Corrections. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
- ^ "Judge issues death warrant for Idaho death row inmate Gerald Pizzuto". KBOI-TV. May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
- ^ Chammah, Maurice; Blakinger, Keri (May 6, 2021). "They Are Terminally Ill. States Want To Execute Them Anyway". The Marshall Project. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
- ^ Boone, Rebecca (May 18, 2021). "Dying Idaho inmate's execution is canceled, with clemency hearing granted by state panel". Idaho Statesman. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
- ^ Evans, Natalie; O'Leary, Abigail (December 7, 2018). "Tennessee executes longest serving death row inmate after 36 years". Daily Mirror.
- ^ Close, P. & Askew, D. (2017). Asia Pacific and Human Rights: A global political economy perspective. Routledge, 240 pages.
- ^ Joshua Cossin (June 25, 2020). "Federal appeals court allows Ohio to move forward with execution after failed attempt". jurist.org.
- ^ Danielle Haynes. "Appeals court OKs 2nd execution attempt for Ohio man". United Press International.
- ^ "Inmate who survived execution attempt dies; COVID suspected". Associated Press News. December 29, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
- ^ "Arizona executes 71-year-old Edward Schad, its oldest death row inmate". The Guardian. Associated Press. October 9, 2013.
- ^ "Edward Harold Schad Jr., oldest Ariz. death row inmate, executed for 1978 murder". CBS News.
- ^ Burgess, Katherine. "Gov. Bill Lee grants temporary reprieve for death row inmate Pervis Payne". The Tennessean.
- ^ Bonvillian, Crystal (September 17, 2020). "Pervis Payne: Death row inmate nearing execution granted bid for DNA testing in double murder". WSB-TV Channel 2 - Atlanta.
- ^ Kirby, Brendan (May 27, 2010). "Thomas Whisenhant executed for 1976 kidnapping, rape and murder". The Huntsville Times. Archived from the original on December 27, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
- ^ "Death sentence of serial killer Dayton Rogers overturned again by Oregon Supreme Court". oregonlive.com. November 12, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
- ^ "Robert Brian Waterhouse #1281". www.clarkprosecutor.org.
- ^ Neff, Joseph (April 7, 2018). "They Did 30 Years for Someone Else's Crime. Then Paid for It". The New York Times.
Other sources
- The Longest Prison Sentences Ever Served, A Blast From the Past, July 24, 2010. Lists the lengthiest sentences actually completed, with detailed case studies.