List of African American newspapers in California

This is a list of African American newspapers that have been published in the state of California, including both historical and contemporary publications. California's first such newspaper was the Mirror of the Times, which began publishing in the mid-1850s.[1] Although the number of African Americans in California did not exceed 1,100 until the 20th-century,[2] seven African American newspapers were established in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 19th century.[3]

  • Newspaper examples
  • Front page of the first issue of The Pacific Appeal, April 5, 1862
    Front page of the first issue of The Pacific Appeal, April 5, 1862
  • An early African American newspaper in Southern California, The California Eagle, from 1916
    An early African American newspaper in Southern California, The California Eagle, from 1916

Northern California

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2020)
Northern California

The Northern California region takes up the northern two-thirds of the state, including the Central Valley and San Francisco Bay Area.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Albany Black Times: Voices of the National Community 1971[4] 1976?[4] Monthly[4]
  • ISSN 0006-4289
  • LCCN sn7801557
  • OCLC 1772794
Fresno The California Advocate 1967[5] current Monthly / irregular[5] or weekly
  • LCCN sn84025882
  • OCLC 4170883
  • Official site
Menlo Park Ravenswood Post 1953[6] 1981[6] Weekly[6]
  • LCCN sn97060575
  • OCLC 37212347
  • Published by Clarence A. Burley.
Oakland The Black Panther 1967[7] 1980[7] Weekly/ Biweekly/ Monthly[7]
  • ISSN 0523-7238
  • LCCN sn7805677, sn86016911
  • OCLC 2258393, 8299802, 5309560, 7654602
Oakland Illustrated Guide: The recognized organ of the Colored people 1892[8] ?[8] Weekly[8]
  • Official newspaper of the Afro-American League of Alameda County.[8]
Oakland Oakland Post / Oakland Sunday Post 1963[9] current Weekly / Triweekly / Daily / Semiweekly[9]
  • LCCN sn84025881
  • OCLC 10546299
  • Official site
Oakland Oakland Sunshine 1897[10] 1922[10] Weekly[10]
  • LCCN sn84025837
  • OCLC 10384635, 2772240
  • Available online
  • Published by J.M. Bridges.[10]
Oakland Oakland Times 1869[11] ?[11] Daily (except Sunday)[11]
  • LCCN sn85066467
  • OCLC 13020833
Oakland[12] San Francisco Post / San Francisco Sunday Post[12] 1963[12] Twice weekly / Weekly[12]
  • LCCN sn84025880
  • OCLC 10546260
Oakland Berkeley Tri-city Post 1985[13] Weekly[13]
  • LCCN sn89080104
  • OCLC 24557477
Oakland Western American 1926[14] 1929[14] Weekly[14]
  • LCCN sn92069415
  • OCLC 26753635
  • Published by S. DeWitt Moss.[14]
Richmond Richmond Post 1963[15] current Twice weekly[15]
  • LCCN sn84025879
  • OCLC 10546247
  • A Post News Group newspaper.
Sacramento The Forum 1906[16] ?[16] Twice weekly[16]
  • LCCN sn92069424
  • OCLC 26656053
  • Published by Rev. J. Gordon McPherson.[16] McPherson also published Salt Lake City's Democratic Headlight in 1899.
San Francisco The Elevator: A Weekly Journal of Progress 1865[17] 1904[17] Weekly[17]
  • LCCN sn83027101
  • OCLC 1567786
  • Edited by Philip A. Bell
Sacramento The Sacramento Observer 1964?[18] current Weekly[18]
  • ISSN 0036-2212
  • LCCN sn7804134
  • OCLC 3917415
  • Official site
San Francisco African American Chronicle 1991[19] 1993?[19] Monthly newspaper[19]
  • OCLC 32980723
San Francisco The Free American 1866[20] ?[20] Weekly[20]
  • LCCN sn95062384
  • OCLC 33342000
San Francisco The Lunar Visitor 1862[21] ?[21] Monthly[21]
  • OCLC 33217722
San Francisco Pacific Appeal / The Pacific Appeal 1862[22] 1880[22] Weekly[22]
  • LCCN sn83027099
  • OCLC 2253227
San Francisco San Francisco Reporter 1942[23] ?[23] Weekly[23]
  • Edited and published by W.A. Hambrick.[23]
San Francisco The Sun Reporter 1943[24] Weekly[24]
  • ISSN 0890-0930
  • LCCN sn84025888
  • OCLC 2268253
San Francisco California Voice 1919[25] Weekly[25]
  • ISSN 0745-7057
  • LCCN sn8307379
  • OCLC 9384216
San Francisco Western Appeal 1919?[26] ?[26] Twice-monthly[26]
  • LCCN sn92069416
  • OCLC 26523454
  • Edited by G.E. Watkins,[26] formerly a partner in the publication of the Pacific Coast Appeal.[27]
San Francisco Mirror of the Times 1855,[1] 1856,[3][30] or 1857[28] 1862[28] or 1858[29] Weekly[28]
  • LCCN sn83027100, 2013254322
  • OCLC 2753725, 10103020, 10126298, 844389270
San Francisco Peninsula Metro Reporter 1972?[31] 1993?[31] Weekly[31]
  • LCCN sn97060576
  • OCLC 37212352
San Francisco San Francisco Bay View 1976[32] current Biweekly[32]
  • OCLC 29924124
  • Official site
San Francisco San Francisco Metro Reporter 1972[33] ?[33] Weekly[33]
  • LCCN sn92037409
  • OCLC 26167280
San Francisco San Francisco Vindicator 1884[34] 1906[34] Weekly[34]
  • LCCN sn84025838
  • OCLC 2789419
San Francisco The Western Outlook 1894[35] 1928[35] Weekly[35]
  • LCCN sn84025815
  • OCLC 10328990, 2775799
San Jose The Forum 1908[36] ?[36] Weekly[36]
  • LCCN sn92069417
  • OCLC 26656063
  • Edited by J. Gordon McPherson.[36]
San Jose The Phoenix 1891[37] 1892[37] Daily (except Monday)[37]
  • Successor to the San Jose Daily Times[37]
Stockton Progressor / San Joaquin Progressor 1969[38] ?[38] Weekly[38]
  • OCLC 20409350


Southern California

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2020)
Southern California

The Southern California region takes up the southern third of the state, and includes the Los Angeles metropolitan area, San Diego, and the Inland Empire region.

City Title Beginning End Frequency Call numbers Remarks


Altadena The Eagle (1973–?)[40] / Pasadena Eagle (1968–1973)[39] 1968[40] ?[39] Weekly[40]
  • Pasadena Eagle
    • LCCN sn96064438
    • OCLC 35248180
  • The Eagle
    • LCCN sn96064439
    • OCLC 35248735
Bakersfield The Bakersfield Advocate 1970s[41] 1979[41] Weekly[41]
  • LCCN sn95062214
  • OCLC 33943775
Bakersfield 1970[42] 1970s[42] Weekly[42] *LCCN sn95061892
  • OCLC 32828932
Bakersfield The Colored Citizen 1914[43] ?[43] Weekly[43]
  • LCCN sn93052976
  • OCLC 27396211
  • Billed as “The Only Paper Published in the Interests of Colored People Between San Francisco and Los Angeles.”[43]
Bakersfield The News 1957[44] ?[44] Monthly newspaper[44]
  • LCCN sn95062027
  • OCLC 33246459
  • Published by Isaiah E. Owens.
Bakersfield Bakersfield News Observer 1977[45] Weekly[45]
  • OCLC 22301605
  • Official site
  • Part of the Observer Group Newspapers of Southern California.
Bakersfield Outlook / The News Publication (1950s–1961)[47] / The Outlook: The News Publication (1961–1964)[48] / The Outlook (1964–1966)[49] / The Outlook News (1966–?)[46] 1950s ?[46] Twice-monthly,[47] later weekly[49][46]
  • The News Publication
    • LCCN sn95062028
    • OCLC 33246718
  • The Outlook: The News Publication
    • LCCN sn95062029
    • OCLC 33246745
  • The Outlook
    • LCCN sn95062030
    • OCLC 33246754
  • The Outlook News
    • LCCN sn95062031
    • OCLC 33246771
Beverly Hills The Ethiopian Mirror 1993?[50] ?[50] Monthly newspaper[50]
  • OCLC 30799620
  • ISSN 1553-2682
Compton Compton Bulletin 1970?[51] current Weekly[51]
  • LCCN sn89080099
  • OCLC 24124022
  • Official site
Compton Metropolitan Gazette 1967?[52] ?[52] Weekly[52]
  • LCCN sn88083538
  • OCLC 17972355
  • Edited by Mildred L. Hamm.[52]
Compton Compton Star Review 1927?[53] ?[53] Weekly[53]
  • LCCN sn99063223
  • OCLC 41609623
  • Extant from 1971–1973.[53]
Culver City Culver City Wave 1925[54] Weekly[54]
  • LCCN sn84025878
  • OCLC 10537131
Hollywood The National Record 1944[55] 1993?[55] Monthly newspaper.[55]
  • OCLC 27706934
Los Angeles African Connection Newspaper 1988?[56] Biweekly[56]
  • OCLC 30798309
Los Angeles South End Bee 1934[57] 1987?[57] Weekly[57]
Los Angeles Bronzeville News 1943[58] ?[58] Weekly[58]
  • LCCN sn85040329
  • OCLC 11839843, 24032467
Los Angeles Herald-Dispatch 1952[59] Weekly[59]
  • ISSN 8750-2038
  • LCCN sn84025885
  • OCLC 10568995
Los Angeles The California Eagle 1879[60] 1965[60] Weekly[60]
  • LCCN sn82016196
  • OCLC 91188894
Los Angeles Central News Wave 1963?[61] Weekly[61]
  • LCCN sn84025862
  • OCLC 10535001
Los Angeles Firestone Park News & Southeast News-Press 1954?[62] ?[62] Weekly[62]
Los Angeles Florence Messenger 1939?[63] 1983?[63] Weekly[63]
  • LCCN sn84025876
  • OCLC 10537084
Los Angeles Florence News 1986?[64] ?[64] Twice monthly[64]
Los Angeles The Illustrated Journal 1956[65] ?[65] Weekly[65]
Los Angeles Los Angeles Black Voice 1968[66] ?[66] Weekly[66] see Black Voice News
Los Angeles Los Angeles Herald 1950?[67] ?[67] Weekly[67]
Los Angeles (Pacoima) Pacoima Herald-Dispatch 1952[68] ?[68] Weekly[68]
Los Angeles New Age Dispatch or New Age[69] 1907[69] 1949[69] Weekly[69]
  • LCCN sn85040332
  • OCLC 11839884
Inglewood Los Angeles Bay News Observer 1986?[70] Weekly[70]
  • OCLC 31537826
  • Part of the Observer Group Newspapers of Southern California.
Los Angeles The Weekly Observer 1888[71] 1888[71] Weekly[71]
  • LCCN sn85040327
  • OCLC 11839822
Los Angeles Liberator 1901[65] 1913[65] Weekly[65]
  • LCCN sn2012271153
Los Angeles The Pacific Defender 1923[72] Weekly[72]
Los Angeles Pacific Enterprise 1927[73] Weekly[73]
  • Edited by William A. Venerable.[73]
Los Angeles Los Angeles Sentinel 1933[74] or 1934[75] current Weekly[75]
  • ISSN 0890-4340
  • LCCN sn83045393
  • OCLC 9505770, 21127070, 2328318, 10103210
  • Official site
Los Angeles Watts Star Review 1875[76] or 1929[77] Weekly[76]
  • LCCN sn84025886
  • OCLC 10569077
Los Angeles Angeles Mesa Wave 1978[78] ?[78] Weekly[78]
  • LCCN sn84025870
  • OCLC 10535359
Los Angeles Hawthorne Wave 1981[79] 1987?[79] Weekly[79]
  • LCCN sn84025875
  • OCLC 10537051
Los Angeles Inglewood Wave 1981[80] 1987?[80] Weekly[80]
  • LCCN sn84025874
  • OCLC 10537018
Los Angeles Southwest Wave 1920[81] 1987?[81] Weekly[81]
  • LCCN sn84025864, sn95061657
  • OCLC 10535081, 33460337
Los Angeles Topics / Sun Wave 1942?[82] Weekly[82]
  • LCCN sn84025865
  • OCLC 10535110
Los Angeles Westchester Wave 1921?[83] Weekly[83]
Los Angeles The Western Clarion 1926?[84] ?[84] Weekly[84]
Los Angeles The Western Dispatch 1921[85] ?[85] Weekly[85]
  • LCCN sn92069422
  • OCLC 26581142
Los Angeles The Western News 1889[86] 1889[86] Weekly[86]
  • LCCN sn85040324
  • OCLC 11839789
Los Angeles Inglewood Hawthorne Wave 1987?[87] Weekly[87]
  • LCCN sn840 25873
  • OCLC 10536984
  • Later replaced by Inglewood Wave and Hawthorne Wave[87]
  • Part of the Los Angeles Wave newspaper family.
Los Angeles L.A. Watts Times 1976?[88] Weekly[88]
  • OCLC 29744254
Los Angeles / Inglewood The Los Angeles Community Circle News / Los Angeles Community Circle Clipper 1989[89] Bimonthly newspaper[89]
  • OCLC 26828513
Los Angeles Los Angeles Illustrated Reflector 1934?[90] ?[90] Weekly[90]
Los Angeles Los Angeles Tribune 1941[91] 1960[91] Weekly[91]
  • LCCN sn83045308
  • OCLC 9426532
Los Angeles The Los Angeles Truth 1935?[92] ?[92] Unknown[92]
Los Angeles The National Negro Press 1970?[93] ?[93] Unknown[93]
Los Angeles The Search Light and Open Sesame 1893[94] 1908[94] Weekly[94]
  • LCCN sn85040326
  • OCLC 11839816
Los Angeles (or Bakersfield)[96] United Pictorial Review 1965[95] or 1966[96] ?[95] Weekly[95]
  • LCCN sn95061792
  • OCLC 32679065
  • Published by George Scott Jr.[95]
Los Angeles Southeast Star Wave 1938?[97] 1987?[97] Weekly[97]
  • LCCN sn84025866
  • OCLC 10535172
Los Angeles Southern California Guide 1892[98] 1895[98] Weekly[98]
  • LCCN sn85040325
  • OCLC 11839803
Los Angeles Southside Journal Wave 1937?[99] 1987?[99] Weekly[99]
  • LCCN sn84025868
  • OCLC 10535244
Los Angeles Southwestern Sun Wave 1947?[100] 1987?[100] Weekly[100]
  • LCCN sn84025867
  • OCLC 10535202
Los Angeles Tribune Mesa News Wave 1978[101] Weekly[101]
  • LCCN sn84025872
Los Angeles Wave 1958?[102] Weekly[102]
  • LCCN sn84025863
  • OCLC 10535049
Pasadena The Western Herald 1925?[103] ?[103] Weekly[103]
Redlands The Colored Citizen 1905[104] 1906[104] Monthly newspaper[104]
  • LCCN sn96064325
  • OCLC 35144632
  • Published by Robert Henry Harbert and H.A. Harroll[104]
Riverside Black Voice News[105] 1972[105] current Weekly[105]
  • OCLC 23164049
  • Official site
San Bernardino Precinct Reporter 1965[106] Weekly[106]
  • OCLC 11575723
San Bernardino The San Bernardino American 1969[107] Weekly[107]
  • LCCN sn89080098
  • OCLC 24123867
San Diego San Diego Voice & Viewpoint 1960[108] Current[108] Weekly[108]
  • OCLC 16829880
 https://sdvoice.info/
San Diego San Diego Eagle 1923?[109] ?[109] Weekly[109]
Santa Ana The Orange County Star Review 1971[110] 1973?[110] Weekly[110]

See also

  • flagCalifornia portal
  • Journalism portal
  • Lists portal
  • flagUnited States portal

Works cited

  • Abajian, James De Tarr (1974). Blacks and Their Contributions to the American West: A Bibliography and Union List of Library Holdings Through 1970. G. K. Hall. ISBN 9780816111398.
  • Berardi, Gayle K.; Segady, Thomas W. (1990). "The Development of African-American Newspapers in the American West: A Sociohistorical Perspective". The Journal of Negro History. 75 (3/4): 96–111. doi:10.2307/3031501. JSTOR 3031501. S2CID 142393523.
  • Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E., eds. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674007888.
  • Junne, George H. (2000). Blacks in the American West and Beyond--America, Canada, and Mexico: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313312083.
  • Sloan, Irving J. (1977). The Blacks in America, 1492-1977: A Chronology & Fact Book. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-00524-0.
  • Smith, Jessie Carney (2012). Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Historical Events. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9781578593699.
  • Snorgrass, J. William (1981). "The Black Press in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1856-1900". California History. 60 (4): 306–317. doi:10.2307/25158067. JSTOR 25158067.

References

  1. ^ a b Smith 2012, p. 409.
  2. ^ Berardi & Segady 1990, p. 110.
  3. ^ a b Snorgrass 1981, p. 306.
  4. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 102, ¶ 1050.
  5. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 129, ¶ 1338.
  6. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 485, ¶ 5055.
  7. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 93, ¶ 957.
  8. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 291, ¶ 3055.
  9. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 436, ¶ 4543.
  10. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 436, ¶ 4544.
  11. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 436, ¶ 4545.
  12. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 501, ¶ 5227.
  13. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 67, ¶ 693.
  14. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 610, ¶ 6381.
  15. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 493, ¶ 5145.
  16. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 234, ¶ 2451.
  17. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 209, ¶ 2183.
  18. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 498, ¶ 5200.
  19. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 12, ¶ 119.
  20. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 236, ¶ 2477.
  21. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 348, ¶ 3645.
  22. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 449, ¶ 4686.
  23. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 501, ¶ 5228.
  24. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 548, ¶ 5722.
  25. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 129, ¶ 1343.
  26. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6382.
  27. ^ "San Francisco". The American Printer. Vol. 69. 1919. p. 53.
  28. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 369, ¶ 3850.
  29. ^ Snorgrass 1981, p. 307.
  30. ^ Abajian 1974, p. 386, ¶ 4190.
  31. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 457, ¶ 4763.
  32. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5224.
  33. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 501, ¶ 5226.
  34. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 501, ¶ 5229.
  35. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 612, ¶ 6396.
  36. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 234, ¶ 2452.
  37. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 462, ¶ 4819.
  38. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 476, ¶ 4959.
  39. ^ a b "About Pasadena eagle. [volume] (Pasadena, Calif.) 1968-1973". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  40. ^ a b c "About The eagle. [volume] (Altadena, Calif.) 1973-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  41. ^ a b c "About Bakersfield advocate. (Bakersfield, Calif.) 197?-1979". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  42. ^ a b c "About The challenger. (Bakersfield, Calif.) 1970-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  43. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1679.
  44. ^ a b c "About The news. [volume] (Bakersfield, Calif.) 1957-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  45. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 58, ¶ 590.
  46. ^ a b c "About The outlook news. [volume] (Bakersfield, Calif.) 1966-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  47. ^ a b "About The news publication. [volume] (Bakersfield, Calif.) 195?-1961". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  48. ^ "About The outlook, the news-publication. [volume] (Bakersfield, Calif.) 1961-1964". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  49. ^ a b "About The outlook. [volume] (Bakersfield, Calif.) 1964-1966". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  50. ^ a b c d e Danky & Hady 1998, p. 215, ¶ 2246.
  51. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 171, ¶ 1776.
  52. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 362, ¶ 3783.
  53. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 171, ¶ 1777.
  54. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 182, ¶ 1897.
  55. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 394, ¶ 4099.
  56. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 14, ¶ 141.
  57. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 524, ¶ 5473.
  58. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 117, ¶ 1214.
  59. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 275, ¶ 2880.
  60. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 129, ¶ 1342.
  61. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 142, ¶ 1472.
  62. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 224, ¶ 2346.
  63. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 228, ¶ 2386.
  64. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 228, ¶ 2387.
  65. ^ a b c d e f Danky & Hady 1998, p. 291, ¶ 3056.
  66. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 346, ¶ 3624.
  67. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 346, ¶ 3627.
  68. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 450, ¶ 4691.
  69. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 406, ¶ 4230.
  70. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 346, ¶ 3623.
  71. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 607, ¶ 6347.
  72. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 449, ¶ 4688.
  73. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 450, ¶ 4689.
  74. ^ Hodder, Kevin (2011-12-18). "Leon H. Washington Jr. (1907-1974)". The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. Retrieved 2019-12-25.
  75. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 346, ¶ 3629.
  76. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 604, ¶ 6317.
  77. ^ Sloan 1977, p. 108.
  78. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 44, ¶ 449.
  79. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 271, ¶ 2843.
  80. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 298, ¶ 3134.
  81. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 531, ¶ 5544.
  82. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 564, ¶ 5886.
  83. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 610, ¶ 6379.
  84. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6384.
  85. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6387.
  86. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 612, ¶ 6395.
  87. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 297, ¶ 3133.
  88. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 330, ¶ 3456.
  89. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 346, ¶ 3625.
  90. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 346, ¶ 3628.
  91. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 346, ¶ 3630.
  92. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 347, ¶ 3631.
  93. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 392, ¶ 4085.
  94. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 506, ¶ 5285.
  95. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 578, ¶ 6044.
  96. ^ a b "About United pictorial review. [volume] (Bakersfield, Calif.) 1966-19??". Chronicling America. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-01-01.
  97. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 525, ¶ 5486.
  98. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 526, ¶ 5494.
  99. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 531, ¶ 5540.
  100. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 532, ¶ 5549.
  101. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 567, ¶ 5924.
  102. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 605, ¶ 6320.
  103. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 611, ¶ 6390.
  104. ^ a b c d Danky & Hady 1998, p. 162, ¶ 1680.
  105. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 104, ¶ 1074.
  106. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 470, ¶ 4901.
  107. ^ a b Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5221.
  108. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5223.
  109. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 500, ¶ 5222.
  110. ^ a b c Danky & Hady 1998, p. 445, ¶ 4643.
  • v
  • t
  • e
African American press
Newspapers
Active
Northeast
South
Midwest
West
National
  • The Final Call
Defunct
MagazinesOrganizationsCorporationsRelated
  • v
  • t
  • e
States
Federal district
Territories
Lists of newspapers
  • v
  • t
  • e
Sacramento (capital)
Topics
Regions
Metro regions
Counties
Most populous
cities
flag California portal