Lanthanide chlorides
Chemical compounds between a lanthanide element and chlorine
Lanthanide chlorides are a group of chemical compounds that can form between a lanthanide element (from lanthanum to lutetium) and chlorine. The lanthanides in these compounds are usually in the +2 and +3 oxidation states, although compounds with lanthanides in lower oxidation states exist.
Lanthanide dichlorides
Divalent chlorides are formed by neodymium, samarium, europium, dysprosium, thulium and ytterbium. They can be prepared by reducing the trivalent chloride with lithium metal/naphthalene in tetrahydrofuran:[1]
- LnCl3 + Li → LnCl2 + LiCl (Ln=Nd,Sm,Eu)
Reducing the chloride with the metal or hydrogen is also possible:[2][3]
- 2 LnCl3 + Ln → 3 LnCl2 (Ln=Nd,Sm,Eu?,Dy,Tm,Yb)
- 2 LnCl3 + H2 → 2 LnCl2 + 2 HCl (Ln=Nd,Sm,Eu,Dy,Tm,Yb)
Lanthanide trichlorides
The lanthanide trichlorides can generally be prepared by dissolving the oxide or carbonate with hydrochloric acid. They are produced commercially by carbothermic reaction of the oxide. To produce the anhydrous forms of these trichlorides, the ammonium chloride route is taken. The anhydrous lanthanide trichlorides have high melting points and are generally pale colored.
| MCl3 | color | structure type | f-configuration |
|---|---|---|---|
| LaCl3 | colorless | UCl3-type | f0 |
| CeCl3 | colorless | UCl3-type | f1, doublet |
| PrCl3 | green | UCl3-type | f2, triplet |
| NdCl3 | pink | UCl3-type | f3, quartet |
| PmCl3 | green | UCl3-type | f4, quintet |
| SmCl3 | yellow | UCl3-type | f5, sextet |
| EuCl3 | yellow | UCl3-type | f6, septet |
| GdCl3 | colorless | UCl3-type | f7, octet |
| TbCl3 | white | PuBr3-type | f8, septet |
| DyCl3 | white | AlCl3-type | f9, sextet |
| HoCl3 | yellow | AlCl3-type | f10, quintet |
| ErCl3 | violet | AlCl3-type | f11, quartet |
| TmCl3 | yellow | AlCl3-type | f12, triplet |
| YbCl3 | colorless | YCl3-type | f13, doublet |
| LuCl3 | colorless | AlCl3-type | f14 |
See also
- Lanthanide
- Chloride
References
- ^ Rossmainth, Kurt (1979-01-01). "Herstellung der klassischen Seltenerd(II)-chloride in Lösung" [Preparation of the classical rare earth(II) chlorides in solution]. Anorganische, Struktur- und Physikalische Chemie. 110 (4): 109–114. doi:10.1007/BF00903752. S2CID 91731356.
- ^ Gerd Meyer, Lester R. Morss (1991). Synthesis of lanthanide and actinide compounds. Springer. p. 161. ISBN 0-7923-1018-7.
- ^ Brauer, Georg; Baudler, Marianne (1975). Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie, Band I. (3rd ed.). Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke. ISBN 3-432-02328-6.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
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| La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | |
| +4 | CeF4 | PrF4 | NdF4 | TbF4 | DyF4 | ||||||||||
| +3 | LaF3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 | CeF3 CeCl3 CeBr3 CeI3 | PrF3 PrCl3 PrBr3 PrI3 | NdF3 NdCl3 NdBr3 NdI3 | PmF3 PmCl3 PmBr3 PmI3 | SmF3 SmCl3 SmBr3 SmI3 | EuF3 EuCl3 EuBr3 EuI3 | GdF3 GdCl3 GdBr3 GdI3 | TbF3 TbCl3 TbBr3 TbI3 | DyF3 DyCl3 DyBr3 DyI3 | HoF3 HoCl3 HoBr3 HoI3 | ErF3 ErCl3 ErBr3 ErI3 | TmF3 TmCl3 TmBr3 TmI3 | YbF3 YbCl3 YbBr3 YbI3 | LuF3 LuCl3 LuBr3 LuI3 |
| +2 | LaI2 | CeI2 | PrI2 | NdF2 NdCl2 NdBr2 NdI2 | SmF2 SmCl2 SmBr2 SmI2 | EuF2 EuCl2 EuBr2 EuI2 | GdI2 | DyF2 DyCl2 DyBr2 DyI2 | TmF2 TmCl2 TmBr2 TmI2 | YbF2 YbCl2 YbBr2 YbI2 |
