Gibbons–Hawking effect
In the theory of general relativity, the Gibbons–Hawking effect is the statement that a temperature can be associated to each solution of the Einstein field equations that contains a causal horizon. It is named after Gary Gibbons and Stephen Hawking.
The term "causal horizon" does not necessarily refer to event horizons only, but could also stand for the horizon of the visible universe, for instance.
For example, Schwarzschild spacetime contains an event horizon and so can be associated a temperature. In the case of Schwarzschild spacetime this is the temperature of a black hole of mass , satisfying (see also Hawking radiation).
A second example is de Sitter space which contains an event horizon. In this case the temperature is proportional to the Hubble parameter , i.e. .
See also
- Hawking radiation
References
- Gibbons, G. W.; Hawking, S. W. (1977-05-15). "Cosmological event horizons, thermodynamics, and particle creation". Physical Review D. 15 (10). American Physical Society (APS): 2738–2751. Bibcode:1977PhRvD..15.2738G. doi:10.1103/physrevd.15.2738. ISSN 0556-2821.
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- Hawking radiation
- Black hole thermodynamics
- Micro black hole
- Chronology protection conjecture
- Gibbons–Hawking ansatz
- Gibbons–Hawking effect
- Gibbons–Hawking space
- Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term
- Hartle–Hawking state
- Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems
- Hawking energy
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- A Brief History of Time (1991)
- Hawking (2004)
- Hawking (2013)
- The Theory of Everything (2014)
- God, the Universe and Everything Else (1988)
- Stephen Hawking's Universe (1997 documentary)
- Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe (2008 documentary)
- Genius of Britain (2010 series)
- Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking (2010 series)
- Brave New World with Stephen Hawking (2011 series)
- Genius by Stephen Hawking (2016 series)
- Jane Wilde Hawking (first wife)
- Lucy Hawking (daughter)
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